WoRMS taxon details
Alexandrium andersonii Balech, 1990
246835 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:246835)
accepted
Species
Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990 · unaccepted (zoological spelling)
marine, terrestrial
Balech, E. (1990). Four new dinoflagellates. <em>Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen.</em> 44: 387-396. [details] Available for editors 
[request]
[request]
Type locality contained in Cape Cod
type locality contained in Cape Cod [details]
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:42996
Description Spherical cysts have been observed in sediment trap samples, and were hatched to form cultures.
Description Small, broadly oval. Epitheca convex conical, with apex sometimes slightly flattened. Hypotheca hemispherical, usually with...
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:42996 [details]
Description Spherical cysts have been observed in sediment trap samples, and were hatched to form cultures.
Description Spherical cysts have been observed in sediment trap samples, and were hatched to form cultures. [details]
Description Small, broadly oval. Epitheca convex conical, with apex sometimes slightly flattened. Hypotheca hemispherical, usually with...
Description Small, broadly oval. Epitheca convex conical, with apex sometimes slightly flattened. Hypotheca hemispherical, usually with an almost imperceptible oblique flattening. Neither sulcal nor cingular lists. Cingulum regularly but not deeply impressed, descending by a little less than one cingular width. Po oval-triangular; generally with the dorsal margin strongly slanting and almost straight. Foramen slightly marked with a very thin callus.Plate 1' narrow, with a small ventral pore; more or less pointed anteriorly and in most of the thecae connected to Po only indirectly by a thread-like formation. Plate 2' comparatively broad, with a dorsal margin somewhat longer than in most of the species. 3' hexagonal, rather high and almost symmetrical. In the precingular series, the plate 6"" is very characteristic with two straight and slanting left sides; its cingular border is short, generally equal to or shorter than the anterior one. In the hypotheca, 1"""" is wide; its sulcal margin is but slightly thickened, slightly convex or sinuous and almost vertical for most of its length. The 2"""" is longer than wide. The anterior sulcal plate, S.a., is much wider posteriorly than anteriorly. The anterior border is short and straight to somewhat irregular. The uncinate process is straight and strongly inchned. The posterior notch is wide but not very deep. The left apophysis is rather narrow and also oblique but not as much as the right one. The S.p. is wider than long. Its main ventral border is divided into two more or less concave moieties which uphold the two posterior lateral plates. Typically, it is slanting posteriorly to the left. To the right there is another ventral border, shorter, straight and slanting in the opposite direction, articulated to the posterior border of 5"" '. The left side of the S.p. is much shorter than the right side. The S.d.p. is narrow with a short anterior border, the right one being somewhat oblique and a bit convex. The posterior side is in general irregularly convex, sometimes almost straight. The left side is divided into two segments: the anterior one, a bit reinforced, is oblique, and the posterior one, not reinforced, is almost vertical; the oblique or anterior part is almost as long as the posterior one, occasionally longer, and the indentation thus formed is filled with a very tiny and narrow S.ac.p. The S.d.a. is somewhat variable but in general relatively narrow. The two S.m. plates are well developed. The S.m.p. is characterized by being narrow and longer than in most of the species. The S.ac.a. could not be isolated. the species. The S.ac.a. could not be isolated. The protoplasm is sparsely pigmented. The cysts, almost of the same shape, are noticeably darker. The nucleus, of the usual C-shape, is very thick and strongly curved. Dimensions: L 21-35; the majority of the thecae are less than 30 μm in length. A 18-33. [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium andersonii Balech, 1990. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=246835 on 2024-04-19
Date
action
by
2007-10-17 15:07:21Z
created
db_admin
Copyright notice: the information originating from AlgaeBase may not be downloaded or replicated by any means, without the written permission of the copyright owner (generally AlgaeBase). Fair usage of data in scientific publications is permitted.
original description
Balech, E. (1990). Four new dinoflagellates. <em>Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen.</em> 44: 387-396. [details] Available for editors [request]
original description (of Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990) Balech, E. (1990). Four new dinoflagellates. <em>Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen.</em> 44: 387-396. [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Zenetos, A.; Çinar, M.E.; Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Harmelin, J.-G.; Furnari, G.; Andaloro, F.; Bellou, N.; Streftaris, N.; Zibrowius, H. (2005). Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. <em>Mediterranean Marine Science.</em> 6 (2): 63-118., available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273213810_Annotated_list_of_marine_alien_species_in_the_Mediterranean_with_records_of_the_worst_invasive_species [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Balech, E. 1995. The Genus <i>Alexandrium</i> Halim (Dinoflagellata). Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, 151. [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Scholin, C.A., Herzog, M., Sogin, M., Anderson, D.M. (1994). Identification of group specific and strain specific genetic markers for globally distributed <i>Alexandrium</i> (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU ribosomal RNA gene. <em>Journal of Phycology.</em> 30 (6), 999-1011. [details]
additional source Sampedro, N.; Franco, J. M.; Zapata, M.; Riobó, P.; Garcés, E.; Penna, A.; Caillaud, A.; Diogène, J.; Cacho, E.; Camp, J. (2013). The toxicity and intraspecific variability of <i>Alexandrium andersonii</i> Balech. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 25: 26-38., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.02.003 [details]
toxicology source Ciminiello, P.; Fattorusso, E.; Forino, M.; Montresor, M. (2000). Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin as toxic principles of <i>Alexandrium andersoni</i> (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Naples, Italy. <em>Toxicon.</em> 38(12): 1871-1877., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00099-4 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source Lee, K. H.; Jeong, H. J.; Kwon, J. E.; Kang, H. C.; Kim, J. H.; Jang, S. H.; Park, J. Y.; Yoon, E. Y.; Kim, J. S. (2016). Mixotrophic ability of the phototrophic dinoflagellates Alexandrium andersonii, A. affine, and A. fraterculus. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 59: 67-81., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.008 [details]
ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
[request] original description (of Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990) Balech, E. (1990). Four new dinoflagellates. <em>Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen.</em> 44: 387-396. [details] Available for editors
[request] additional source Zenetos, A.; Çinar, M.E.; Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Harmelin, J.-G.; Furnari, G.; Andaloro, F.; Bellou, N.; Streftaris, N.; Zibrowius, H. (2005). Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. <em>Mediterranean Marine Science.</em> 6 (2): 63-118., available online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273213810_Annotated_list_of_marine_alien_species_in_the_Mediterranean_with_records_of_the_worst_invasive_species [details] Available for editors
[request] additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Balech, E. 1995. The Genus <i>Alexandrium</i> Halim (Dinoflagellata). Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island, Co. Cork, Ireland, 151. [details] Available for editors
[request] additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Scholin, C.A., Herzog, M., Sogin, M., Anderson, D.M. (1994). Identification of group specific and strain specific genetic markers for globally distributed <i>Alexandrium</i> (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU ribosomal RNA gene. <em>Journal of Phycology.</em> 30 (6), 999-1011. [details]
additional source Sampedro, N.; Franco, J. M.; Zapata, M.; Riobó, P.; Garcés, E.; Penna, A.; Caillaud, A.; Diogène, J.; Cacho, E.; Camp, J. (2013). The toxicity and intraspecific variability of <i>Alexandrium andersonii</i> Balech. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 25: 26-38., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.02.003 [details]
toxicology source Ciminiello, P.; Fattorusso, E.; Forino, M.; Montresor, M. (2000). Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin as toxic principles of <i>Alexandrium andersoni</i> (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Naples, Italy. <em>Toxicon.</em> 38(12): 1871-1877., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00099-4 [details] Available for editors
[request] ecology source Lee, K. H.; Jeong, H. J.; Kwon, J. E.; Kang, H. C.; Kim, J. H.; Jang, S. H.; Park, J. Y.; Yoon, E. Y.; Kim, J. S. (2016). Mixotrophic ability of the phototrophic dinoflagellates Alexandrium andersonii, A. affine, and A. fraterculus. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 59: 67-81., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.008 [details]
ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors
[request] ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:42996 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Spherical cysts have been observed in sediment trap samples, and were hatched to form cultures. [details]Description Small, broadly oval. Epitheca convex conical, with apex sometimes slightly flattened. Hypotheca hemispherical, usually with an almost imperceptible oblique flattening. Neither sulcal nor cingular lists. Cingulum regularly but not deeply impressed, descending by a little less than one cingular width. Po oval-triangular; generally with the dorsal margin strongly slanting and almost straight. Foramen slightly marked with a very thin callus.Plate 1' narrow, with a small ventral pore; more or less pointed anteriorly and in most of the thecae connected to Po only indirectly by a thread-like formation. Plate 2' comparatively broad, with a dorsal margin somewhat longer than in most of the species. 3' hexagonal, rather high and almost symmetrical. In the precingular series, the plate 6"" is very characteristic with two straight and slanting left sides; its cingular border is short, generally equal to or shorter than the anterior one. In the hypotheca, 1"""" is wide; its sulcal margin is but slightly thickened, slightly convex or sinuous and almost vertical for most of its length. The 2"""" is longer than wide. The anterior sulcal plate, S.a., is much wider posteriorly than anteriorly. The anterior border is short and straight to somewhat irregular. The uncinate process is straight and strongly inchned. The posterior notch is wide but not very deep. The left apophysis is rather narrow and also oblique but not as much as the right one. The S.p. is wider than long. Its main ventral border is divided into two more or less concave moieties which uphold the two posterior lateral plates. Typically, it is slanting posteriorly to the left. To the right there is another ventral border, shorter, straight and slanting in the opposite direction, articulated to the posterior border of 5"" '. The left side of the S.p. is much shorter than the right side. The S.d.p. is narrow with a short anterior border, the right one being somewhat oblique and a bit convex. The posterior side is in general irregularly convex, sometimes almost straight. The left side is divided into two segments: the anterior one, a bit reinforced, is oblique, and the posterior one, not reinforced, is almost vertical; the oblique or anterior part is almost as long as the posterior one, occasionally longer, and the indentation thus formed is filled with a very tiny and narrow S.ac.p. The S.d.a. is somewhat variable but in general relatively narrow. The two S.m. plates are well developed. The S.m.p. is characterized by being narrow and longer than in most of the species. The S.ac.a. could not be isolated. the species. The S.ac.a. could not be isolated. The protoplasm is sparsely pigmented. The cysts, almost of the same shape, are noticeably darker. The nucleus, of the usual C-shape, is very thick and strongly curved. Dimensions: L 21-35; the majority of the thecae are less than 30 μm in length. A 18-33. [details]
Harmful effect Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin were detected in one strain, but no harmful effects caused by this species were reported. As toxicity was unclear a genetic and toxicological study was carried out by Sampedro et al. (2013) with five different strains. Despite the homogeneity of 5.8 ITS and LSU regions some geographical variations are detectable when using parameters such as cell size, pigment profile or growth rate. Different toxicological analysis of cultures grown at 20 °C failed to detect STXs. However, cell extracts were tested positive with the ‘Neuro2A cell’ neuroblastoma assay and the haemolytic test using sheep red blood cells in the Neapolitan strain SZN12 (Ciminiello et al. 2000). [details]
Identification In spite of the fact that some large specimens (i.e. > 35 μm) are occasionally seen, this species is naturally included in the group of small species, of a rather regular oval shape, longer than wide. It is also allocated to the group of species with 1' of the normal type, connected to Po, and with a small ventral pore. However, in most of the thecae the anterior end of this plate is pointed and prolonged into a thread connecting it to Po. Because of these characteristics this new taxon seems related to A. minutum Halim. The S.p., wider than long, is a feature shared with A. minutum and with the others of the minutum-group. Nonetheless, it differs clearly from them by the shape of all the sulcal plates, especially by the S.a., and by the 6"", both of which are quite characteristic of this new species. In a few other congenerica taxa, like A. ostenfeldfi, the S.a. has a straight and very slanting right apophysis, but they belong to other groups differing much in size, shape and other details. It is convenient to stress the quite unusual shape of 6"". This plate, together with the S.a., are features that set A. andersoni apart from all other congeneric taxa. The fact that the shape of 6"" is sufficient to identify this new taxon is a lucky circumstance, as thecal analysis is, at least in the material examined, quite difficult due to the tenuousness of the plates. [details]
Verified sequences Strain TC02: LSU rDNA U44937 (Scholin et al. 1994)
Strain CCMP1718: ITS/5.8S rDNA HE574400 (Sampedro et al. 2013) [details]
Published in AlgaeBase 
To Barcode of Life (1 barcode) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
To European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
To GenBank (104715 nucleotides; 33670 proteins)
To GenBank (104715 nucleotides; 33670 proteins) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
To Barcode of Life (1 barcode) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
To European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)
To GenBank (104715 nucleotides; 33670 proteins)
To GenBank (104715 nucleotides; 33670 proteins) (from synonym Alexandrium andersoni Balech, 1990)
