WoRMS taxon details
Prymnesium parvum N.Carter, 1937
160564 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:160564)
accepted
Species
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Carter N. 1937. New or interesting algae from brackish water. Arch. Protistemk. 90: 1-68. [details]
Type locality contained in Wright Island
type locality contained in Wright Island [details]
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:53982
Description Cells more or less oval, 8–11 μm in length, with two flagella and a short non-coiling haptonema. Two yellow-brown...
Distribution Prymnesium parvum appears to be distributed almost globally, typically in brackish waters
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:53982 [details]
Description Cells more or less oval, 8–11 μm in length, with two flagella and a short non-coiling haptonema. Two yellow-brown...
Description Cells more or less oval, 8–11 μm in length, with two flagella and a short non-coiling haptonema. Two yellow-brown chloroplasts in the cell and several layers of elliptic organic scales on the cell surface. Scales of the outermost layer have an inflexed rim and more or less concentric fibres on the dorsal side, and the ventral side has radiating lines which are sometimes visible also from the dorsal side.. Scales of the innermost layers lack the inflexed rim and the concentric fibres. It has been hypothesized that. Prymnesium parvum and Prymnesium patelliferum may represent different stages of the same life cycle (Larsen & Edvardsen 1998). They differ morphologically by the outer scales of pafelliferum lacking the concentric fibres. [details]
Distribution Prymnesium parvum appears to be distributed almost globally, typically in brackish waters
Distribution Prymnesium parvum appears to be distributed almost globally, typically in brackish waters [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Prymnesium parvum N.Carter, 1937. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=160564 on 2024-04-23
Date
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original description
Carter N. 1937. New or interesting algae from brackish water. Arch. Protistemk. 90: 1-68. [details]
basis of record TMAP - Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Program database, available online at http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/TMAP/Monitoring.html [details]
additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Igarashi T., Satake M. & Yasumoto T. 1999. Structures and partial stereochemical assignments for prymnesin-1 and prymnesin-2: potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic glycosides isolated from the red tide alga <i>Prymnesium parvum</i>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121: 8499-8511., available online at https://doi.org/10.1021/ja991740e [details]
additional source Kaartvedt S., Johnsen T.M., Aksnes D.L & Lie U. 1991. Occurrence of the toxic phytoflagellate <i>Prymnesium parvum</i> and associated fish mortality in a Norwegian fjord system. Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci. 48: 2316-2323. [details]
additional source Moestrup Ø. 1994. Economic aspects: 'blooms', nuisance species, and toxins. In: <i>The Haptophyte Algae</i> (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 265-285. Clarendon Press, Oxford. [details]
additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Campbell, P.H. (1973). Studies on brackish water phytoplankton. UNC.SG.73.07. pp. 1-406. Chapel Hill: Sea Grant Publications, University of North Carolina. [details] Available for editors
[request]
ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors [request]
ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Tillmann, U. (1998). Phagotrophy by a plastidic haptophyte, Prymnesium patelliferum. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 14: 155-160., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame014155 [details]
ecology source Martin-Cereceda, M.; Novarino, G.; Young, J. (2003). Grazing by Prymnesium parvum on small planktonic diatoms. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 33: 191-199., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame033191 [details]
basis of record TMAP - Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Program database, available online at http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/TMAP/Monitoring.html [details]
additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source Igarashi T., Satake M. & Yasumoto T. 1999. Structures and partial stereochemical assignments for prymnesin-1 and prymnesin-2: potent hemolytic and ichthyotoxic glycosides isolated from the red tide alga <i>Prymnesium parvum</i>. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121: 8499-8511., available online at https://doi.org/10.1021/ja991740e [details]
additional source Kaartvedt S., Johnsen T.M., Aksnes D.L & Lie U. 1991. Occurrence of the toxic phytoflagellate <i>Prymnesium parvum</i> and associated fish mortality in a Norwegian fjord system. Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci. 48: 2316-2323. [details]
additional source Moestrup Ø. 1994. Economic aspects: 'blooms', nuisance species, and toxins. In: <i>The Haptophyte Algae</i> (Ed. by J.C. Green & B.S.C. Leadbeater), pp. 265-285. Clarendon Press, Oxford. [details]
additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source Campbell, P.H. (1973). Studies on brackish water phytoplankton. UNC.SG.73.07. pp. 1-406. Chapel Hill: Sea Grant Publications, University of North Carolina. [details] Available for editors
[request] ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography.</em> 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors
[request] ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Tillmann, U. (1998). Phagotrophy by a plastidic haptophyte, Prymnesium patelliferum. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 14: 155-160., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame014155 [details]
ecology source Martin-Cereceda, M.; Novarino, G.; Young, J. (2003). Grazing by Prymnesium parvum on small planktonic diatoms. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 33: 191-199., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame033191 [details]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:53982 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells more or less oval, 8–11 μm in length, with two flagella and a short non-coiling haptonema. Two yellow-brown chloroplasts in the cell and several layers of elliptic organic scales on the cell surface. Scales of the outermost layer have an inflexed rim and more or less concentric fibres on the dorsal side, and the ventral side has radiating lines which are sometimes visible also from the dorsal side.. Scales of the innermost layers lack the inflexed rim and the concentric fibres. It has been hypothesized that. Prymnesium parvum and Prymnesium patelliferum may represent different stages of the same life cycle (Larsen & Edvardsen 1998). They differ morphologically by the outer scales of pafelliferum lacking the concentric fibres. [details]Distribution Prymnesium parvum appears to be distributed almost globally, typically in brackish waters [details]
Harmful effect Mortality of fish, tadpoles and gill-breathing invertebrates. For effects of toxins on microalgae, see Skovgaard, A. & Hansen, P.J. (2003). Based on the experience from the USA and elsewhere toxic blooms resulting in fish kills appear to occur at a window of salinity: below a salinity of ca 0.5 blooms are rare and above a salinity of around 12 blooms usually do not occur (Roelke et al. 2016) . The spreading of blooms in freshwater lakes and rivers in drier parts of the USA since the mid 1980s may be related to an increase in salinities in the waters following several years of drought (Roelke et al. 2016) [details]
Identification Identification requires electron microscopy. Prymnerium parvum is the best-known and most widespread species of Prymnesium and it may be identified by the structure of the outer scales on the cell, which is species diagnostic. [details]
