basis of record Margulis, L.; Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the Phyla of life on earth. 3rd edition. Freeman: New York, NY (USA). ISBN 0-7167-3027-8. xx, 520 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
Biology Thorny-headed worms, or acanthocephalans, are parasites that live in the gut of vertebrates and - earlier in their life cycle - within invertebrates. The thorny protrusible proboscis is globular or cylindrical; the body also may bear spiny thorns. These parasitic worms anchor themselves with their proboscis and body spines to the gut wall of a host. [details]
Citation: WoRMS (2004). Acanthocephala. In: Gibson, D. (2017). World list of marine Acanthocephala. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=18814 on 2017-07-09