Copepoda name details

Nitokra Boeck, 1865

115198  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:115198)

alternative representation (both spellings in use)
Genus
Nitokra typica typica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra typica typica Boeck, 1865 (type by original designation)
Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912 · unaccepted (synonym)
Transfuga Schmankevitsch, 1875 · unaccepted (synonym)

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  1. Species Nitokra baltica Arlt, 1983 accepted as Nitokra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (unaccepted > junior homonym, both spellings in use)
  2. Species Nitokra stygia (Apostolov, 1976) accepted as Nitokra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (unaccepted > junior homonym)
  3. Species Nitokra affinis Gurney, 1927 represented as Nitocra affinis Gurney, 1927 represented as Nitocra affinis affinis Gurney, 1927 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra affinis stygia Por, 1968 accepted as Nitokra stygia Por, 1968 represented as Nitocra stygia Por, 1968 (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra affinis affinis Gurney, 1927 represented as Nitocra affinis affinis Gurney, 1927 (both spellings in use)
    3. Subspecies Nitokra affinis californica Lang, 1965 represented as Nitocra affinis californica Lang, 1965 accepted as Nitocra californica Lang, 1965 (both spellings in use)
    4. Subspecies Nitokra affinis colombiensis Fuentes-Reinés & Suárez-Morales, 2014 represented as Nitocra affinis colombiensis Fuentes-Reinés & Suárez-Morales, 2014 accepted as Nitocra colombiensis Fuentes-Reinés & Suárez-Morales, 2014 (both spellings in use)
    5. Subspecies Nitokra affinis rijekana Petkovski, 1954 represented as Nitocra affinis rijekana Petkovski, 1954 accepted as Nitocra rijekana Petkovski, 1954 (both spellings in use)
  4. Species Nitokra arctolongus Shen & Tai, 1973 represented as Nitocra arctolongus Shen & Tai, 1973 (both spellings in use)
  5. Species Nitokra australis Soyer, 1975 represented as Nitocra australis Soyer, 1975 (both spellings in use)
  6. Species Nitokra balli Rouch, 1972 represented as Nitocra balli Rouch, 1972 (both spellings in use)
  7. Species Nitokra balnearia Por, 1964 represented as Nitocra balnearia Por, 1964 (both spellings in use)
  8. Species Nitokra bdellurae (Liddell, 1912) represented as Nitocra bdellurae (Liddell, 1912) (both spellings in use)
  9. Species Nitokra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 represented as Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 (both spellings in use)
  10. Species Nitokra blochi Soyer, 1975 represented as Nitocra blochi Soyer, 1975 (both spellings in use)
  11. Species Nitokra brevisetosa Daday, 1901 represented as Nitocra brevisetosa Daday, 1901 accepted as Canthocamptus brevisetosus (Daday, 1901) accepted as Viguierella coeca brevisetosa (Daday, 1901) accepted as Phyllognathopus coecus brevisetosus (Daday, 1901) (both spellings in use)
  12. Species Nitokra cari Petkovski, 1954 represented as Nitocra cari Petkovski, 1954 (both spellings in use)
  13. Species Nitokra chelifer Wilson C.B., 1932 represented as Nitocra chelifer Wilson C.B., 1932 (both spellings in use)
  14. Species Nitokra delaruei Soyer, 1975 represented as Nitocra delaruei Soyer, 1975 (both spellings in use)
  15. Species Nitokra divaricata Chappuis, 1924 represented as Nitocra divaricata Chappuis, 1924 accepted as Nitocrella divaricata (Chappuis, 1924) (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra divaricata caspica Behning, 1936 represented as Nitocra divaricata caspica Behning, 1936 (both spellings in use)
  16. Species Nitokra dubia Sars G.O., 1927 represented as Nitocra dubia Sars G.O., 1927 (both spellings in use)
  17. Species Nitokra elegans (Scott T., 1905) represented as Nitocra elegans (Scott T., 1905) (both spellings in use)
  18. Species Nitokra elongata Marcus, 1968 represented as Nitocra elongata Marcus, 1968 (both spellings in use)
  19. Species Nitokra esbe Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra esbe Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (both spellings in use)
  20. Species Nitokra evergladensis Bruno & Reid in Bruno, Reid & Perry, 2002 represented as Nitocra evergladensis Bruno & Reid in Bruno, Reid & Perry, 2002 (both spellings in use)
  21. Species Nitokra fallaciosa Klie, 1937 represented as Nitocra fallaciosa Klie, 1937 represented as Nitocra fallaciosa fallaciosa Klie, 1937 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra fallaciosa baltica Lang, 1965 represented as Nitocra fallaciosa baltica Lang, 1965 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra fallaciosa fallaciosa Klie, 1937 represented as Nitocra fallaciosa fallaciosa Klie, 1937 (both spellings in use)
  22. Species Nitokra fluviatilis Galhano, 1968 represented as Nitocra fluviatilis Galhano, 1968 (both spellings in use)
  23. Species Nitokra fragilis Sars G.O., 1905 represented as Nitocra fragilis Sars G.O., 1905 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra fragilis paulistana Jakobi, 1956 represented as Nitocra fragilis paulistana Jakobi, 1956 (both spellings in use)
  24. Species Nitokra galapagoensis Mielke, 1997 represented as Nitocra galapagoensis Mielke, 1997 (both spellings in use)
  25. Species Nitokra gracilimana Giesbrecht, 1902 represented as Nitocra gracilimana Giesbrecht, 1902 accepted as Ameira gracilimana (Giesbrecht, 1902) (both spellings in use)
  26. Species Nitokra hamata Bodin, 1970 represented as Nitocra hamata Bodin, 1970 (both spellings in use)
  27. Species Nitokra hibernica (Brady, 1880) represented as Nitocra hibernica (Brady, 1880) accepted as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra hibernica bulgarica (Apostolov, 1976) represented as Nitocra hibernica bulgarica (Apostolov, 1976) (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) represented as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) (both spellings in use)
    3. Subspecies Nitokra hibernica hyalina Jakubisiak, 1929 represented as Nitocra hibernica hyalina Jakubisiak, 1929 (both spellings in use)
  28. Species Nitokra humphreysi Karanovic & Pesce, 2002 represented as Nitocra humphreysi Karanovic & Pesce, 2002 (both spellings in use)
  29. Species Nitokra husmanni Kunz, 1976 represented as Nitocra husmanni Kunz, 1976 (both spellings in use)
  30. Species Nitokra hyperidis Jakobi, 1956 represented as Nitocra hyperidis Jakobi, 1956 (both spellings in use)
  31. Species Nitokra incerta (Richard, 1893) represented as Nitocra incerta (Richard, 1893) accepted as Nitocrella hibernica incerta (Richard, 1893) accepted as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) (both spellings in use)
  32. Species Nitokra inuber (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra inuber (Schmankevitsch, 1875) accepted as Nitocra hibernica (Brady, 1880) accepted as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) (both spellings in use)
  33. Species Nitokra japonica (Miura, 1962) represented as Nitocra japonica (Miura, 1962) accepted as Nitocrella japonica Miura, 1962 (both spellings in use)
  34. Species Nitokra karanovici Chullasorn, Kangtia & Klangsin, 2014 represented as Nitocra karanovici Chullasorn, Kangtia & Klangsin, 2014 (both spellings in use)
  35. Species Nitokra kastjanensis Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008 represented as Nitocra kastjanensis Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008 (both spellings in use)
  36. Species Nitokra koreanus Chang, 2007 represented as Nitocra koreanus Chang, 2007 (both spellings in use)
  37. Species Nitokra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris azorica Kunz, 1983 represented as Nitocra lacustris azorica Kunz, 1983 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris colombianus Reid, 1988 represented as Nitocra lacustris colombianus Reid, 1988 (both spellings in use)
    3. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris incerta Chappuis, 1933 represented as Nitocra lacustris incerta Chappuis, 1933 accepted as Nitocrella incerta (Chappuis, 1933) accepted as Parapseudoleptomesochra incerta (Chappuis, 1933) (both spellings in use)
    4. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (both spellings in use)
    5. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 represented as Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 (both spellings in use)
    6. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris pacificus Yeatman, 1983 represented as Nitocra lacustris pacificus Yeatman, 1983 accepted as Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 (both spellings in use)
    7. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris reducta Schäfer, 1936 represented as Nitocra lacustris reducta Schäfer, 1936 (both spellings in use)
    8. Subspecies Nitokra lacustris sinoi Marcus & Por, 1961 represented as Nitocra lacustris sinoi Marcus & Por, 1961 (both spellings in use)
  38. Species Nitokra laingensis Fiers, 1986 represented as Nitocra laingensis Fiers, 1986 (both spellings in use)
  39. Species Nitokra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (both spellings in use)
  40. Species Nitokra malaica Kiefer, 1929 represented as Nitocra malaica Kiefer, 1929 (both spellings in use)
  41. Species Nitokra marinae Jaschnov, 1935 represented as Nitocra marinae Jaschnov, 1935 (both spellings in use)
  42. Species Nitokra mediterranea Brian, 1928 represented as Nitocra mediterranea Brian, 1928 represented as Nitocra mediterranea mediterranea Brian, 1928 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra mediterranea pontica Apostolov, 1980 accepted as Nitokra mediterranea jakubisiak Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra mediterranea jakubisiak Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (unaccepted > junior homonym, both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra mediterranea jakubisiak Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra mediterranea jakubisiak Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015
    3. Subspecies Nitokra mediterranea mediterranea Brian, 1928 represented as Nitocra mediterranea mediterranea Brian, 1928 (both spellings in use)
  43. Species Nitokra medusaea Humes, 1953 represented as Nitocra medusaea Humes, 1953 (both spellings in use)
  44. Species Nitokra minor Willey, 1930 represented as Nitocra minor Willey, 1930 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra minor mozambicae Wells, 1967 represented as Nitocra minor mozambicae Wells, 1967 (both spellings in use)
  45. Species Nitokra muelleri Douwe, 1905 represented as Nitocra muelleri Douwe, 1905 accepted as Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (both spellings in use)
  46. Species Nitokra oligochaeta Giesbrecht, 1882 represented as Nitocra oligochaeta Giesbrecht, 1882 (both spellings in use)
  47. Species Nitokra palustris (Brady, 1880) represented as Nitocra palustris (Brady, 1880) accepted as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
  48. Species Nitokra paradoxa Daday, 1904 represented as Nitocra paradoxa Daday, 1904 accepted as Schizopera paradoxa (Daday, 1904) (both spellings in use)
  49. Species Nitokra parafragilis Roe, 1958 represented as Nitocra parafragilis Roe, 1958 accepted as Nitocra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
  50. Species Nitokra phlegraea Brehm, 1909 represented as Nitocra phlegraea Brehm, 1909 (both spellings in use)
  51. Species Nitokra phreatica Bozic, 1964 represented as Nitocra phreatica Bozic, 1964 (both spellings in use)
  52. Species Nitokra pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934 represented as Nitocra pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934 (both spellings in use)
  53. Species Nitokra platypus Daday, 1906 represented as Nitocra platypus Daday, 1906 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra platypus bakeri Chappuis, 1930 represented as Nitocra platypus bakeri Chappuis, 1930 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra platypus pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934 represented as Nitocra platypus pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934 accepted as Nitocra pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934 (both spellings in use)
  54. Species Nitokra pontica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra pontica Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
  55. Species Nitokra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (both spellings in use)
  56. Species Nitokra psammophila Noodt, 1952 represented as Nitocra psammophila Noodt, 1952 (both spellings in use)
  57. Species Nitokra pseudospinipes Yeatman, 1983 represented as Nitocra pseudospinipes Yeatman, 1983 (both spellings in use)
  58. Species Nitokra puebloviejensis Fuentes-Reinés, Suárez-Morales & Silva-Briano, 2022 represented as Nitocra puebloviejensis Fuentes-Reinés, Suárez-Morales & Silva-Briano, 2022 (both spellings in use)
  59. Species Nitokra pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 represented as Nitocra pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 represented as Nitocra pusilla pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra pusilla mediterranea Brian, 1928 represented as Nitocra pusilla mediterranea Brian, 1928 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra pusilla pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 represented as Nitocra pusilla pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 (both spellings in use)
  60. Species Nitokra quadriseta Wells & Rao, 1987 represented as Nitocra quadriseta Wells & Rao, 1987 (both spellings in use)
  61. Species Nitokra reducta Schäfer, 1936 represented as Nitocra reducta Schäfer, 1936 represented as Nitocra reducta reducta Schäfer, 1936 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra reducta fluviatilis Galhano, 1968 represented as Nitocra reducta fluviatilis Galhano, 1968 accepted as Nitocra fluviatilis Galhano, 1968 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra reducta reducta Schäfer, 1936 represented as Nitocra reducta reducta Schäfer, 1936 (both spellings in use)
  62. Species Nitokra reunionensis Bozic, 1969 represented as Nitocra reunionensis Bozic, 1969 (both spellings in use)
  63. Species Nitokra salina (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra salina (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (both spellings in use)
  64. Species Nitokra sewelli Gurney, 1927 represented as Nitocra sewelli Gurney, 1927 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra sewelli husmanni Kunz, 1977 represented as Nitocra sewelli husmanni Kunz, 1977 accepted as Nitocra husmanni Kunz, 1976 (both spellings in use)
  65. Species Nitokra simplex Schmeil, 1894 represented as Nitocra simplex Schmeil, 1894 (both spellings in use)
  66. Species Nitokra sphaeromata Bowman, 1988 represented as Nitocra sphaeromata Bowman, 1988 (both spellings in use)
  67. Species Nitokra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra spinipes armata Lang, 1965 represented as Nitocra spinipes armata Lang, 1965 accepted as Nitocra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra spinipes orientalis Sewell, 1924 represented as Nitocra spinipes orientalis Sewell, 1924 (both spellings in use)
    3. Subspecies Nitokra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
  68. Species Nitokra stygia Por, 1968 represented as Nitocra stygia Por, 1968 (both spellings in use)
  69. Species Nitokra subterranea Chappuis, 1928 represented as Nitocra subterranea Chappuis, 1928 accepted as Nitocrella subterranea (Chappuis, 1928) accepted as Parapseudoleptomesochra subterranea (Chappuis, 1928) (both spellings in use)
  70. Species Nitokra tau Giesbrecht, 1881 represented as Nitocra tau Giesbrecht, 1881 accepted as Ameira parvula (Claus, 1866) (both spellings in use)
  71. Species Nitokra taylori Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 represented as Nitocra taylori Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 (both spellings in use)
  72. Species Nitokra tenuicornis Brady & Robertson, 1873 represented as Nitocra tenuicornis Brady & Robertson, 1873 (both spellings in use)
  73. Species Nitokra treforti (Daday, 1884) represented as Nitocra treforti (Daday, 1884) accepted as Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (both)
  74. Species Nitokra tridens (Bozic, 1969) represented as Nitocra tridens (Bozic, 1969) accepted as Nitocrella tridens Bozic, 1969 accepted as Parapseudoleptomesochra tridens (Bozic, 1969) (both spellings in use)
  75. Species Nitokra typica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra typica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra typica typica Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
    1. Subspecies Nitokra typica adriatica Petkovski, 1954 represented as Nitocra typica adriatica Petkovski, 1954 (both spellings in use)
    2. Subspecies Nitokra typica lacustris Sewell, 1924 represented as Nitocra typica lacustris Sewell, 1924 accepted as Nitocra sewelli Gurney, 1927 (both spellings in use)
    3. Subspecies Nitokra typica pontica Jakubisiak, 1938 represented as Nitocra typica pontica Jakubisiak, 1938 (both spellings in use)
    4. Subspecies Nitokra typica typica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra typica typica Boeck, 1865 (both spellings in use)
  76. Species Nitokra uenoi Miura, 1962 represented as Nitocra uenoi Miura, 1962 (both spellings in use)
  77. Species Nitokra vietnamensis Tran & Chang, 2012 represented as Nitocra vietnamensis Tran & Chang, 2012 (both spellings in use)
  78. Species Nitokra wolterecki Brehm, 1909 represented as Nitocra wolterecki Brehm, 1909 (both spellings in use)
  79. Species Nitokra yahiai (Blanchard & Richard, 1891) represented as Nitocra yahiai (Blanchard & Richard, 1891) (both spellings in use)
  80. Species Nitokra yeelirrie Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 represented as Nitocra yeelirrie Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (both spellings in use)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865]. [details]  OpenAccess publication 
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent...  
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent spelling, and Nitokra cannot be suppresed as an unused senior synonym, and therefore, the "commonly" used spelling Nitocra should be replaced by the original spelling Nitokra. Some years later, Mielke (1993) suggested that the spelling Nitocra should prevail since "apart from rare exceptions only the name Nitocra has been used since" the description of Nitokra mihi by Boeck (1865). Mielke (1993) suggested to follow Bowman's second choice, "to supress Nitokra and validate Nitocra, in accordance with usage". Some "principal changes" introduced in the 4th edition of the ICZN appear in pages XXVI-XXIX. Change number 12 says "In most cases an author will be required to maintain the particular spelling in prevailing use for a name, even if it is found not to be the original spelling;..."). Also, art 33.3. and 33.3.1. say: "Any subsequent spelling of a name different from the correct original spelling, other than a mandatory change or an emendation, is an "incorrect subsequent spelling"; it is not an available name and, like an incorrect original spelling [Art. 32.4], it does not enter into homonymy and cannot be used as a substitute name, but when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling." The same reasoning was used by Wells (2007:88) who says "Bowman (1988) recognised that the name of this common and speciose genus has been misspelt—as Nitocra— since 1881 and argued that the original spelling (Nitokra) should be resumed. Mielke (1993) disagreed, believing the name that had been in common use for so long should prevail. At that time Mielke’s view would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature but to the best of my knowledge a case was not submitted. However, the situation is now resolved—in favour of Nitocra—by the adoption in Article 33 of the 4th Edition of the ICZN, 1999, of a new section 33.3.1. which allows “an incorrect subsequent spelling” to stand when it is in “prevailing usage” and has always been properly attributed to the original author."


Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 followed Mielke (1993), Wells (2007) but above all, the ICZN (1999) arts. 33.3 and 33.3.1. In the opinion of Samuel Gomez, the spelling Nitokra should be replaced by Nitocra. [details]

Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N....  
Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N. typica (type species by indication) and N. spinipes. The incorrect subsequent spelling Nitocra by Giesbrecht (1881: 256) became established in common usage. Interestingly, both the correct original spelling (in the text, except for one occasion on p. 121) and the incorrect subsequent spelling (in the figure captions of Tables I, III–XII) were used by Giesbrecht (1882). Bowman (1988: 174) argued that the correct original spelling Nitokra should be resumed since according to Article 33(c) of the 3rd edition of the Code (ICZN 1985) Nitocra is not an emendation of any sort and is therefore an unavailable name that cannot be used as a substitute name which, if adopted, could have triggered the suppression of Nitokra under Article 79(c). Mielke (1993: 265) had previously advocated the continued application of the spelling Nitocra on the basis of common usage but under the 3rd edition of the Code this would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature on a case that was, however, never submitted. Wells (2007: 88) reverted to Giesbrecht’s spelling by invoking Article 33.3.1 of the 4th edition of the Code (ICZN 1999) which states that “... when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling.” Bowman (1988) was clearly correct at the time of writing, but Wells (2007) is right about usage under the 4th edition of the Code and thus Nitocra should continue to replace Nitokra.
 
Boeck, A. (1865) Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhörende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1864, 226–282.
Bowman, T.E. (1988) Nitokra sphaeromata, a new harpacticoid copepod crustacean associated with the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma peruvianum, in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 101, 171–175.
Giesbrecht, W. (1882) Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Foehrde. Vierter Bericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere, in Kiel für die Jahre 1877 bis 1881 (I. Abtheilung), 87–168, plates I–XII.
Mielke, W. (1993) Species of the taxa Orthopsyllus and Nitocra(Copepoda) from Costa Rica. Microfauna marina, 8, 247–266.
Wells, J.B.J. (2007) An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 1568, 1–872.
  [details]
Walter, T.C.; Boxshall, G. (2024). World of Copepods Database. Nitokra Boeck, 1865. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/copepoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115198 on 2024-04-16
Date
action
by
2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
created
Huys, Rony
2006-09-26 06:56:50Z
changed
Martinez, Olga
2010-07-28 20:41:46Z
checked
Walter, T. Chad
2015-09-03 06:24:32Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad
2018-07-20 13:20:38Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad
2021-06-01 22:29:10Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad
2023-07-31 12:46:31Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad

original description Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865]. [details]  OpenAccess publication 

replacement name source Bowman, T.E. (1988). Nitokra sphaeromata, a new harpacticoid copepod crustacean associated with the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma peruvianum, in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101(1):171-175. (29.iv.1988). [details]  Available for editors  PDF available 

basis of record Huys, R. (2001). Copepoda - Harpacticoida. <em>In: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds.) European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels.</em> 50:268-280. (look up in IMIS) [details]  Available for editors  PDF available 

additional source Gómez, S., N.K. Carrasco & F.N. Morales-Serna. (2012). A new species of Nitocra Boeck, 1865 (Harpacticoida, Ameiridae, Ameirinae) from South Africa, with notes on its ecology and remarks on the statusof Nitocra sewelli husmanni Kunz, 1976. <em>Zookeys.</em> 244:33-58., available online at https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.244.2633 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available 

additional source Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865].
page(s): 274 [details]  OpenAccess publication 

additional source Neave, Sheffield Airey. (1939-1996). Nomenclator Zoologicus vol. 1-10 Online. <em>[Online Nomenclator Zoologicus at Checklistbank. Ubio link has gone].</em> , available online at https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/126539/about [details]   

additional source Bodin, P. (1997). Catalogue of the new marine Harpacticoid Copepods. <em>Studiedocumenten van het K.B.I.N. = Documents de Travail de l'I.R.Sc.N.B., 89. Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen: Brussels, Belgium.</em> 89: 1-304. (look up in IMIS)
page(s): 274 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available 

additional source Huys, R. (2016). Harpacticoid copepods—their symbiotic associations and biogenic substrata: a review. <em>. In Huys, R. (Ed.), Recent Developments in Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Symbiotic Copepoda (Crustacea) – A Volume in Celebration of the Career of Prof. Il-Hoi Kim. Zootaxa.</em> 4174:448-729. [details]  Available for editors  PDF available 
 
 Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
From editor or global species database
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent spelling, and Nitokra cannot be suppresed as an unused senior synonym, and therefore, the "commonly" used spelling Nitocra should be replaced by the original spelling Nitokra. Some years later, Mielke (1993) suggested that the spelling Nitocra should prevail since "apart from rare exceptions only the name Nitocra has been used since" the description of Nitokra mihi by Boeck (1865). Mielke (1993) suggested to follow Bowman's second choice, "to supress Nitokra and validate Nitocra, in accordance with usage". Some "principal changes" introduced in the 4th edition of the ICZN appear in pages XXVI-XXIX. Change number 12 says "In most cases an author will be required to maintain the particular spelling in prevailing use for a name, even if it is found not to be the original spelling;..."). Also, art 33.3. and 33.3.1. say: "Any subsequent spelling of a name different from the correct original spelling, other than a mandatory change or an emendation, is an "incorrect subsequent spelling"; it is not an available name and, like an incorrect original spelling [Art. 32.4], it does not enter into homonymy and cannot be used as a substitute name, but when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling." The same reasoning was used by Wells (2007:88) who says "Bowman (1988) recognised that the name of this common and speciose genus has been misspelt—as Nitocra— since 1881 and argued that the original spelling (Nitokra) should be resumed. Mielke (1993) disagreed, believing the name that had been in common use for so long should prevail. At that time Mielke’s view would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature but to the best of my knowledge a case was not submitted. However, the situation is now resolved—in favour of Nitocra—by the adoption in Article 33 of the 4th Edition of the ICZN, 1999, of a new section 33.3.1. which allows “an incorrect subsequent spelling” to stand when it is in “prevailing usage” and has always been properly attributed to the original author."


Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 followed Mielke (1993), Wells (2007) but above all, the ICZN (1999) arts. 33.3 and 33.3.1. In the opinion of Samuel Gomez, the spelling Nitokra should be replaced by Nitocra. [details]

Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N. typica (type species by indication) and N. spinipes. The incorrect subsequent spelling Nitocra by Giesbrecht (1881: 256) became established in common usage. Interestingly, both the correct original spelling (in the text, except for one occasion on p. 121) and the incorrect subsequent spelling (in the figure captions of Tables I, III–XII) were used by Giesbrecht (1882). Bowman (1988: 174) argued that the correct original spelling Nitokra should be resumed since according to Article 33(c) of the 3rd edition of the Code (ICZN 1985) Nitocra is not an emendation of any sort and is therefore an unavailable name that cannot be used as a substitute name which, if adopted, could have triggered the suppression of Nitokra under Article 79(c). Mielke (1993: 265) had previously advocated the continued application of the spelling Nitocra on the basis of common usage but under the 3rd edition of the Code this would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature on a case that was, however, never submitted. Wells (2007: 88) reverted to Giesbrecht’s spelling by invoking Article 33.3.1 of the 4th edition of the Code (ICZN 1999) which states that “... when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling.” Bowman (1988) was clearly correct at the time of writing, but Wells (2007) is right about usage under the 4th edition of the Code and thus Nitocra should continue to replace Nitokra.
 
Boeck, A. (1865) Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhörende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1864, 226–282.
Bowman, T.E. (1988) Nitokra sphaeromata, a new harpacticoid copepod crustacean associated with the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma peruvianum, in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 101, 171–175.
Giesbrecht, W. (1882) Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Foehrde. Vierter Bericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere, in Kiel für die Jahre 1877 bis 1881 (I. Abtheilung), 87–168, plates I–XII.
Mielke, W. (1993) Species of the taxa Orthopsyllus and Nitocra(Copepoda) from Costa Rica. Microfauna marina, 8, 247–266.
Wells, J.B.J. (2007) An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 1568, 1–872.
  [details]
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Nitocrameira Document hosted within Copepoda (from synonym Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912)
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Nitokra Document hosted within Copepoda 
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Transfuga Document hosted within Copepoda (from synonym Transfuga Schmankevitsch, 1875)
3x5 J.S. Ho Taxonomic Card - Nitocrameira Document hosted within Copepoda (from synonym Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912)
3x5 J.S. Ho Taxonomic Card - Nitokra Document hosted within Copepoda 
Speling: Nitokra vs Nitocra Document hosted within Copepoda 
To European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) 
To Genbank 
To ITIS