| Abstract | This study reviews all European species belonging to the filiferan families Bougainvilliidae, Cytaeididae, Rathkeidae, and Pandeidae. Updated diagnoses for the families and genera are provided and taxonomic problems solved or at least outlined. Lizzia blondina is removed from the Bougainvilliidae and transferred to the Rathkeidae based on results from 16S sequence data. Dysmorphosa minuta Mayer, 1900 is regarded as a synonym of Lizzia blondina; morphological and molecular evidence is provided. Cytaeis minima Trinci, 1903, formerly included in the Hydractiniidae, is transferred to a new genus Podocorynoides and included in the Rathkeidae as Podocorynoides minima (Trinci, 1903). Perigonimus nanellus Stechow, 1919 belongs to the genus Dicoryne and is likely a synonym of Dicoryne conybearei (Allman, 1864). Perigonimus nudus Stechow, 1919 is recognized as a new synonym of Eirene
viridula (Péron & Lesueur, 1810). The Mediterranean records of Rhizorhagium
michaeli and R. arenosum are most likely based on misidentifications
of Pachycordyle pusilla (Motz-Kossowska, 1905). Annatiara
lempersi Bleeker & van der Spoel, 1988 is a synonym of Annatiara affinis
(Hartlaub, 1914). |
Taxa
(138) | Amphinema Haeckel, 1879 (redescription)
Amphinema biscayana (Browne, 1907) (additional source)
Amphinema bouilloni Schuchert, 2007 (original description)
Amphinema dinema (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) (redescription)
Amphinema krampi Russell, 1956 (redescription)
Amphinema rubrum (Kramp, 1957) (redescription)
Amphinema rugosum (Mayer, 1900) (redescription)
Amphinema turrida (Mayer, 1900) (redescription)
Annatiara affinis (Hartlaub, 1914) (redescription)
Annatiara lempersi Bleeker & van der Spoel, 1988 accepted as Annatiara affinis (Hartlaub, 1914) (source of synonymy)
Atractylis Wright, 1858 accepted as Bougainvillia Lesson, 1830 (basis of record)
Atractylis linearis Alder, 1862 accepted as Bougainvillia britannica (Forbes, 1841) (source of synonymy)
Atractylis palliata Wright, 1861 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Atractylis repens Wright, 1858 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Bimeria Wright, 1859 (redescription)
Bimeria fragilis Stechow, 1919 accepted as Garveia grisea (Motz-Kossowska, 1905) (source of synonymy)
Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859 (redescription)
Bougainvillia alderi (Hodge, 1863) accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (status source)
Bougainvillia aurantiaca Bouillon, 1980 (additional source)
Bougainvillia autumnalis Hartlaub, 1897 accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (source of synonymy)
Bougainvillia benedenii Bonnevie, 1898 accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (source of synonymy)
Bougainvillia britannica (Forbes, 1841) (redescription)
Bougainvillia flavida Hartlaub, 1887 accepted as Bougainvillia britannica (Forbes, 1841) (source of synonymy)
Bougainvillia fruticosa Allman, 1864 accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (status source)
Bougainvillia Gibbsi Mayer, 1900 accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (status source)
Bougainvillia macloviana Lesson, 1830 (redescription)
Bougainvillia muscoides (Sars, 1846) (redescription)
Bougainvillia nigritella Forbes, 1834 accepted as Bougainvillia muscoides (Sars, 1846) (status source)
Bougainvillia obscura Bonnevie, 1898 accepted as Bougainvillia muscoides (Sars, 1846) (status source)
Bougainvillia paradoxa Mereschowsky, 1879 accepted as Bougainvillia superciliaris (L. Agassiz, 1849) (status source)
Bougainvillia platygaster (Haeckel, 1879) (redescription)
Bougainvillia principis (Steenstrup, 1850) (redescription)
Bougainvillia pyramidata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1853) (redescription)
Bougainvillia ramosa (Van Beneden, 1844) accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (status source)
Bougainvillia superciliaris (L. Agassiz, 1849) (redescription)
Bougainvillia triestina Hartlaub, 1911 accepted as Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863) (status source)
Bougainvilliidae Lütken, 1850 (additional source)
Carybdea pisifera Oken, 1815 accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (basis of record)
Catablema vesicarium (A. Agassiz, 1862) (redescription)
Circe Brandt, 1835 accepted as Lizzella Haeckel, 1879 accepted as Spirocodon Haeckel, 1880 (status source)
Codonorchis octaedrus Haeckel, 1879 (status source)
Cytaeandra Haeckel, 1879 accepted as Hydractinia van Beneden, 1841 (basis of record)
Cytaeididae L. Agassiz, 1862 (redescription)
Cytaeis Eschscholtz, 1829 (status source)
Cytaeis minima Trinci, 1903 accepted as Podocorynoides minima (Trinci, 1903) (new combination reference)
Cytaeis pusilla Gegenbaur, 1856 (status source)
Cytaeis tetrastyla Eschscholtz, 1829 (redescription)
Dicoryne Allman, 1859 (redescription)
Dicoryne conferta (Alder, 1856) (redescription)
Dicoryne conybearei (Allman, 1864) (redescription)
Dysmorphosa minuta Mayer, 1900 accepted as Lizzia blondina Forbes, 1848 (source of synonymy)
Eudendrium pusillum Wright, 1857 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (source of synonymy)
Eudendrium sessile Wright, 1857 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Garveia Wright, 1859 (redescription)
Garveia arborea (Browne, 1907) (redescription)
Garveia crassa (Stechow, 1923) (additional source)
Garveia franciscana (Torrey, 1902) (redescription)
Garveia grisea (Motz-Kossowska, 1905) (redescription)
Garveia nutans Wright, 1859 (redescription)
Halitholus Hartlaub, 1914 (additional source)
Halitholus cirratus Hartlaub, 1913 (redescription)
Halitholus pauper Hartlaub, 1914 (redescription)
Hydrichthys cyclothonis Damas, 1934 (redescription)
Hydrichthys sarcotretis (Jungersen, 1913) (redescription)
Hydrodendrium Nutting, 1905 accepted as Hydractinia van Beneden, 1841 (basis of record)
Hydronema Stechow, 1921c accepted as Hydractinia van Beneden, 1841 (basis of record)
Ichthyocodium Jungersen, 1913 accepted as Hydrichthys Fewkes, 1887 (new combination reference)
Kinetocodium Kramp, 1921 (redescription)
Kinetocodium danae Kramp, 1921 (redescription)
Koellikeria L. Agassiz, 1862 accepted as Koellikerina Kramp, 1939 (source of synonymy)
Koellikerina fasciculata (Péron & Lesueur, 1810) (redescription)
Leuckartiara abyssi (G. O. Sars, 1874) accepted as Neoturris abyssi (G.O. Sars, 1874) (redescription)
Leuckartiara brownei Larson & Harbison, 1990 (additional source)
Leuckartiara grimaldii Ranson, 1936 (additional source)
Leuckartiara nobilis Hartlaub, 1914 (redescription)
Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (redescription)
Leuckartiara octona var. minor Ling, 1937 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Lizzella hyalina (Van Beneden, 1866) (status source)
Lizzia Forbes, 1846 (redescription)
Lizzia blondina Forbes, 1848 (redescription)
Lizzia octostyla (Haeckel, 1879) (redescription)
Medusa pileata Forsskål, 1775 accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (basis of record)
Merga galleri Brinckmann, 1962 (redescription)
Merga reesi Russell, 1956 (redescription)
Merga tergestina (Neppi & Stiasny, 1912) (redescription)
Merga tregoubovii Picard, 1960 (redescription)
Merga violacea (Agassiz & Mayer, 1899) (redescription)
Nemopsis Agassiz, 1849 (redescription)
Nemopsis bachei L. Agassiz, 1849 (redescription)
Neoturris Hartlaub, 1914 (redescription)
Neoturris breviconis (Murbach & Shearer, 1902) (redescription)
Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (redescription)
Nubiella mitra Bouillon, 1980 (additional source)
Oceania ampullacea Sars, 1835 accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (basis of record)
Oceania coronata Allman, 1871 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Oceania episcopalis Forbes, 1848 accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (additional source)
Oceania gaedii Van Beneden, 1867 accepted as Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823) (basis of record)
Oceania Lesueurii Péron & Lesueur, 1810 accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (basis of record)
Oceania pileus de Blainville, 1830: accepted as Neoturris pileata (Forsskål, 1775) (basis of record)
Octotiara russelli Kramp, 1953 (redescription)
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