Difference between revisions of "Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)"

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#The coastal zone has no dedicated government; coastal zone governance is an interplay of several local, regional and national institutions with different mandates and responsibilities.
 
#The coastal zone has no dedicated government; coastal zone governance is an interplay of several local, regional and national institutions with different mandates and responsibilities.
 
#The coastal zone environment (the physical and ecological state) is highly dynamic due to the interaction processes between the land environment and the marine environment.  
 
#The coastal zone environment (the physical and ecological state) is highly dynamic due to the interaction processes between the land environment and the marine environment.  
#Settlements in low-lying coastal zones are very vulnerable to extreme climatic events and to the impact climate change (sea level rise, in particular).  
+
#Settlements in low-lying coastal zones are very vulnerable to extreme climatic events and to the impact climate change (see [[Coastal cities and sea level rise]]).  
 
    
 
    
 
Because of these particular characteristics many studies and experiments have been carried out for defining a coherent ICZM governance process for coastal zones. Studies and experiments for developing and implementing ICZM are listed in the [http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Category:Integrated_coastal_zone_management  category Integrated Coastal Zone Management].   
 
Because of these particular characteristics many studies and experiments have been carried out for defining a coherent ICZM governance process for coastal zones. Studies and experiments for developing and implementing ICZM are listed in the [http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Category:Integrated_coastal_zone_management  category Integrated Coastal Zone Management].   
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==ICZM implementation==
 
==ICZM implementation==
  
[[Image:ICZMindicatorsDEDUCE.jpg|450px|thumbnail|right|Table 2. Measurable ICZM indicators proposed by the DEDUCE project (Marti et al., 2007)<ref name=M> Martí, X., Lescrauwaet, A-K., Borg, M. and Valls, M. 2007. Indicators Guidelines To adopt an indicators-based approach to evaluate coastal sustainable development. Deduce project, Department of the Environment and Housing, Government of Catalonia. http://www.im.gda.pl/images/ksiazki/2007_indicators_guidelines.pdf </ref>.]]
+
[[Image:ICZMindicatorsDEDUCE.jpg|450px|thumbnail|right|Table 2. Measurable ICZM indicators proposed by the DEDUCE project (Marti et al., 2007)<ref name=M> Martí, X., Lescrauwaet, A-K., Borg, M. and Valls, M. 2007. Indicators Guidelines To adopt an indicators-based approach to evaluate coastal sustainable development. Deduce project, Department of the Environment and Housing, Government of Catalonia. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/tools/deduce-indicators-guidelines-to-adopt-an-indicators-based-approach-to-evaluate-coastal-sustainable-development</ref>.]]
  
  
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[[Image:FloodRiskMitigation.jpg|700px|thumbnail|center|Table 3. Benefits and limitations of different coastal protection measures <ref> OECD, 2019, Responding to Rising Seas: OECD Country Approaches to Tackling Coastal Risks, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264312487-en </ref>. Based on (Wilby and Keenan, 2012)<ref> Wilby, R.L. and Keenan, R. 2012. Adapting to flood risk under climate change. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312438908</ref>, (Spalding et al., 2014)<ref>Spalding, M.D. et al. 2014. The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2013.09.007</ref> and (Harman et al., 2015)<ref>Harman, B.P. et al. 2015. Global lessons for adapting coastal communities to protect against storm surge inundation. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00095.1.</ref>.]]
+
[[Image:FloodRiskMitigation.jpg|700px|thumbnail|center|Table 3. Benefits and limitations of different coastal protection measures <ref> OECD, 2019, Responding to Rising Seas: OECD Country Approaches to Tackling Coastal Risks, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/policy-highlights-responding-to-rising-seas.pdf </ref>. Based on (Wilby and Keenan, 2012)<ref> Wilby, R.L. and Keenan, R. 2012. Adapting to flood risk under climate change. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312438908</ref>, (Spalding et al., 2014)<ref>Spalding, M.D. et al. 2014. The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2013.09.007</ref> and (Harman et al., 2015)<ref>Harman, B.P. et al. 2015. Global lessons for adapting coastal communities to protect against storm surge inundation. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00095.1.</ref>.]]
  
  
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|-
 
|-
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center" rowspan="6"|  Protecting people and assets
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center" rowspan="6"|  Protecting people and assets
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center"| Flood mitigation
+
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center"| Flood risk reduction
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
[[Shoreline management]] plan and implementation <br/>
 
[[Shoreline management]] plan and implementation <br/>
 
[[Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management|Establishment of flood and erosion risk maps]] <br/>
 
[[Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management|Establishment of flood and erosion risk maps]] <br/>
[[Setback area|Setback lines]] for hard constructions <br/>
+
[[Setback area|Setback lines]] for real estate development <br/>
 
Ban on urban sprawl along the coast <br/>
 
Ban on urban sprawl along the coast <br/>
Urban drainage system <br/>
+
[[Coastal cities and sea level rise|Urban planning]], incl. drainage, flood refuge, ets. <br/>
Flood refuge places <br/>
 
 
Building standards in the coastal zone (incl. geotechnical aspects of soft subsiding soils) <br/>
 
Building standards in the coastal zone (incl. geotechnical aspects of soft subsiding soils) <br/>
 
Planning of critical infrastructure (road, rail, electricity, pipelines, etc.)  
 
Planning of critical infrastructure (road, rail, electricity, pipelines, etc.)  
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|-
 
|-
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
'''[[Hard coastal protection structures|Hard measures]]:''' <br/>  
+
'''[[Hard coastal protection structures|Hard measures]]:''' <br/>
 
Shore parallel: [[Detached shore parallel breakwaters|Offshore breakwater]] ([[Artificial reefs|concrete, stone]], [[Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering|geotube]]) <br/>
 
Shore parallel: [[Detached shore parallel breakwaters|Offshore breakwater]] ([[Artificial reefs|concrete, stone]], [[Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering|geotube]]) <br/>
 
Shore perpendicular: [[Groynes]], [[Port breakwaters and coastal erosion|jetties]], [[Human causes of coastal erosion#Erosion of bays enclosed between headlands|artificial headlands]] <br/>
 
Shore perpendicular: [[Groynes]], [[Port breakwaters and coastal erosion|jetties]], [[Human causes of coastal erosion#Erosion of bays enclosed between headlands|artificial headlands]] <br/>
 
[[Perched beaches|Perched beach]]
 
[[Perched beaches|Perched beach]]
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center" rowspan="4"|  Enhancing sustainability and [[ecosystem services]]
+
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 12px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center" rowspan="5"|  Enhancing sustainability and [[ecosystem services]]
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center| Natural protection
+
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center rowspan="2"| Natural protection
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px|
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px|
Vegetated foreland in front of coastal defences (planting [[mangroves]], [[Natural barriers|extension of marshland by sediment trapping]] or by artificial nourishment) <br/>
+
'''Structural measures''': <br/>
 +
Vegetated foreland in front of coastal defences (planting [[mangroves]], [[Natural shore protecting barriers|extension of marshland by sediment trapping]] or by artificial nourishment) <br/>
 
[[Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability|Natural offshore reef]] <br/>
 
[[Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability|Natural offshore reef]] <br/>
 +
[[Conservation and restoration of coastal and estuarine habitats|Coastal wetland restoration and creation]], [[Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes#CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES|managed retreat]]
 +
|-
 +
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 +
'''Planning''': <br/>
 
Ecosystem-based long-term development planning of estuaries and delta systems <br/>
 
Ecosystem-based long-term development planning of estuaries and delta systems <br/>
[[Conservation and restoration of coastal and estuarine habitats|Coastal wetland restoration and creation]], [[Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes#CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES|managed retreat]] <br/>
 
 
Protection of biodiversity, designation of [[Marine Protected Areas in Europe|coastal and marine protected areas]]
 
Protection of biodiversity, designation of [[Marine Protected Areas in Europe|coastal and marine protected areas]]
 
|-
 
|-
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| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
Regulations for groundwater extraction and drainage and for extraction of minerals <br/>
 
Regulations for groundwater extraction and drainage and for extraction of minerals <br/>
Groundwater management and alternative water supply (incl. recharge of aquifers)  
+
[[Groundwater management in low-lying coastal zones|Groundwater management]] and alternative water supply (incl. recharge of aquifers)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center"| [[Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone|Climate change adaptation (CCA)]]
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px; font-weight:bold;  text-align:center"| [[Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone|Climate change adaptation (CCA)]]
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| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
| style="border:2px solid lightblue; font-size: 11px"|
 
Ban on industrial development in sensitive zones <br/>
 
Ban on industrial development in sensitive zones <br/>
Regulations for dredged material regarding disposal, treatment and re-use <br/>
+
Regulations for dredged material regarding disposal / treatment / re-use <br/>
 
[[Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Environmental Impact Assessment]] and nature compensation for port/industrial development
 
[[Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)|Environmental Impact Assessment]] and nature compensation for port/industrial development
 
|-
 
|-
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:[[Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management]]
 
:[[Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management]]
 
:[[ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT]]
 
:[[ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT]]
 +
:[[The ICZM Process - a Roadmap towards Coastal Sustainability - Introduction]]
 +
:[[Sustainability indicators]]
 
:[[Shoreline management]]
 
:[[Shoreline management]]
 
:[[Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone]]
 
:[[Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone]]
 +
:[[Coastal cities and sea level rise]]
 +
:[[Groundwater management in low-lying coastal zones]]
 
:[[Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies]]
 
:[[Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies]]
 
:[[Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction]]
 
:[[Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction]]
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IOC 2006. A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier, 2. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000147313  
 
IOC 2006. A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier, 2. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000147313  
  
DEFRA 2008. A strategy for promoting an integrated approach to the management of coastal areas in England. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. http://www.southerncoastalgroup.org.uk/pdfs/DEFRA%20ICZM%20Strategy.pdf
+
DEFRA 2008. A strategy for promoting an integrated approach to the management of coastal areas in England. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/climatechange/doc.php?docID=154
  
 
OURCOAST database (2011) with lessons learned from the coastal management experiences and practices in European countries. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/portals/ourcoast-the-european-portal-for-integrated-coastal-zone-management  
 
OURCOAST database (2011) with lessons learned from the coastal management experiences and practices in European countries. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/portals/ourcoast-the-european-portal-for-integrated-coastal-zone-management  
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[[Category:definitions]]
 
[[Category:definitions]]
 
[[Category:Integrated coastal zone management]]
 
[[Category:Integrated coastal zone management]]
[[Category:Principles and concepts in integrated coastal zone management]]
 
[[Category:Policy and decision making in coastal management]]
 
[[Category:Land and ocean interactions]]
 
[[Category:Shoreline management]]
 
[[Category:Protection of coastal and marine zones]]
 

Revision as of 15:36, 11 July 2020

Definition of Integrated Coastal Zone Management:
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a resource management system following an integrative, holistic approach and an interactive planning process in addressing the complex management issues in the coastal area [1].

This concept was borne in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro. The policy regarding ICZM is set out in the proceedings of the summit within Agenda 21, Chapter 17. The European Commission defines ICZM as “a dynamic, multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal zones. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest sense), decision making, management and monitoring of implementation. ICZM uses the informed participation and cooperation of all stakeholders to assess the societal goals in a given coastal area, and to take actions towards meeting these objectives. ICZM seeks, over the long-term, to balance environmental, economic, social, cultural and recreational objectives, all within the limits set by natural dynamics. 'Integrated' in ICZM refers to the integration of objectives and also to the integration of the many instruments needed to meet these objectives. It means integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration. It means integration of the terrestrial and marine components of the target territory, in both time and space”[2].

See also Some definitions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
This is the common definition for Integrated Coastal Zone Management, other definitions can be discussed in the article

In many cases, structural, legal or institutional adjustments to coastal zone management are made only after a calamitous event has occurred. These adjustments often focus on tackling the most urgent problems without a well-considered long-term strategy. Integrated Coastal Zone Management is aimed at preventing disasters (or alleviating their impact) and at promoting sustainable development of the coastal zone, taking into account diverse interests and possible futures.


The specific character of coastal zones

A well-informed science-based coastal zone management strategy embedded in an adequate social, institutional and legal framework, can prevent many future coastal problems. This is now usually called ICZM, Integrated Coastal Zone Management. As far as the technical aspects are concerned, experienced coastal authorities are capable to overview most of the coastal engineering issues associated with the future developments of the coastal zone. However, ICZM requires a broader view of coastal issues. ICZM is a governance process for the coastal zone, which differs from usual territorial governance processes due to its specific characteristics:

  1. The coastal zone has no fixed administrative boundary; it is defined by the environmental (physical, ecological) interaction processes between the land environment and the marine environment.
  2. The coastal zone has no dedicated government; coastal zone governance is an interplay of several local, regional and national institutions with different mandates and responsibilities.
  3. The coastal zone environment (the physical and ecological state) is highly dynamic due to the interaction processes between the land environment and the marine environment.
  4. Settlements in low-lying coastal zones are very vulnerable to extreme climatic events and to the impact climate change (see Coastal cities and sea level rise).

Because of these particular characteristics many studies and experiments have been carried out for defining a coherent ICZM governance process for coastal zones. Studies and experiments for developing and implementing ICZM are listed in the category Integrated Coastal Zone Management.


Why it is difficult to put ICZM into practice

Table 1.
Impediments for ICZM

Lack of public awareness: “People tend to underestimate risks of natural hazards”
Low political priority: “There are more urgent issues to be addressed”
Lack of institutional cooperation: “ICZM trespasses our field of competence”
Lack of funding: “ICZM investments do not yield short-term visible benefits”
Lack of monitoring: “No information excuse for inaction”
Lack of experts: “Experts do not understand politics and vice versa”

The problems with which coastal zones are confronted often have an insidious character, think, for example, of urban or touristic development, decline of biodiversity or climate change and sea level rise. When problems are perceived as urgent the situation is often already irreversibly deteriorated. Who feels responsible for a well-balanced future-proof development of the coastal zone? At national level, different interests are represented by different sectoral authorities. Local government is often the only body responsible for weighing and integrating different interests. But the means to do this are limited, because often the situation is that:

  • local authorities can be overruled by sectoral authorities on a higher governance level (region, state);
  • local authorities have little or no staff with profound knowledge of the complex interactions that take place in the coastal zone;
  • local authorities have limited financial resources for monitoring and assessment of the state of the coast and for restoration measures;
  • local authorities have limited (man)power to enforce regulations;
  • The local interests that local authorities represent are often short-term interests.

These limitations can be overcome, at least in part, by delegating more powers to local authorities and by promoting public participation and involvement of civil society organizations (NGOs) in coastal policy processes.

Other impediments to implementing ICZM are indicated in Table 1.



ICZM implementation

Table 2. Measurable ICZM indicators proposed by the DEDUCE project (Marti et al., 2007)[3].


The natural and social characteristics of different parts of the coastal zone can be highly diverse. Coastal zone policy can therefore be determined only partly at the national level. The primary focus at the national level is to establish a legal, institutional and administrative framework for integrated coastal zone management. Of crucial importance is the institutional embedding of the ICZM process. The institutional framework must provide the mandate and resources for the local implementation of ICZM. Implementation of ICZM requires that sufficient powers be delegated to local authorities. This can be a problem in countries with a strongly centralized governance culture.

The coastal zone is constantly evolving through natural and socio-economic processes. ICZM should therefore not consist of a one-time static plan or as a series of ad hoc actions, but must be shaped as a continuous process that goes through a fixed cycle according to the schedule:

Plan development => Implementation => Monitoring => Evaluation => Plan revision => Implementation => Monitoring => Evaluation, etc.

This cycle is implemented at both local and national level:

  • At local level, detailed concrete plans are developed and carried out (after endorsement at the national level) in consultation with all local and national stakeholders;
  • At national level, national objectives and targets are defined, local plans are integrated in a national strategy and mandate and resources are allocated for implementation.

The cycle period should be adjusted to the rate at which developments take place in the coastal zone. A cycle of one year may be too short; a cycle of 5 years or 10 years can be more appropriate. The cycle period at the local level may be shorter than at the national level.

Monitoring and evaluation are essential process steps to determine which progress has been realized in the implementation of the ICZM plan. This is only possible if measurable indicators and quantitative targets have been defined for this purpose. Defining indicators and targets is a major component of the ICZM plan process. Various examples of ICZM indicators have been described in the literature. ICZM indicators proposed by Marti et al. (2007) [3] are shown for illustration in Table 2. Successful implementation of ICZM is highly dependent on the definition and monitoring of adequate indicators and targets.


Institutional arrangements

In small countries with a homogeneous coastal zone (natural and socio-economical), local and national level can coincide. This will not be the case for large countries with very diverse coastal zones. Both at local and national level, sufficient expertise must be available to implement the ICZM policy cycle. At the national level, a coordinating ministry must be designated that steers the policy cycle at the national level. This coordinating ministry should have internally sufficient general ICZM expertise to coordinate coast-related policies of other ministries and be capable to mobilize expertise of public and private organizations on specific topics. At the local level, a department of local government is responsible for implementation. The staff of this local department should have expertise in the fields of planning, communication, organizing public participation, administrative and technical implementation aspects and cooperation with private parties.

Complex infrastructural works and works that transcend the local scale do not fit within the aforementioned scheme. The steering of design and implementation in these cases lies with institutions at national level that are mandated for this and possess the required expertise.

The issue of climate change, which has far-reaching consequences for low-lying coastal areas, in many cases exceeds the local scale in terms of extent and complexity. A national adaptation strategy will be leading here for the development of adaptation measures on a local scale, see the Coastal Wiki article Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone.


ICZM fields of action

Coastal zone management requires action in many areas related to legal, institutional, social, economic and environmental aspects. The coastal zone is not a passive system; every intervention will cause a reaction. Depending on the nature of the intervention, a response from the natural system (evolution towards a new equilibrium) and / or a social response can be expected. The final outcome of the intervention strongly depends on these responses. Therefore, not only excellent planning and engineering expertise is required, but also in-depth knowledge of the natural (physical, biological, chemical) dynamics of the coastal system and a full understanding of the social, economic, legal, institutional and political context. Examples of factors that must be taken into consideration when planning coastal protection measures are indicated in Table 3.


Table 3. Benefits and limitations of different coastal protection measures [4]. Based on (Wilby and Keenan, 2012)[5], (Spalding et al., 2014)[6] and (Harman et al., 2015)[7].


Major objectives of ICZM are related to:

  • Protecting people and assets at risk
  • Enhancing sustainability and ecosystem services
  • Economic development of the coastal zone
  • Creating awareness of coastal zone vulnerability and risks
  • Good governance

A large number of actions must be considered to achieve these objectives. An overview of such actions is given in Table 4. A more detailed description of several actions is provided in Coastal Wiki articles that can be accessed by clicking on the internal (blue) links.


Table 4. Actions for the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
General objective Specific objective Actions
Protecting people and assets Flood risk reduction

Shoreline management plan and implementation
Establishment of flood and erosion risk maps
Setback lines for real estate development
Ban on urban sprawl along the coast
Urban planning, incl. drainage, flood refuge, ets.
Building standards in the coastal zone (incl. geotechnical aspects of soft subsiding soils)
Planning of critical infrastructure (road, rail, electricity, pipelines, etc.)

Emergency rescue

Early warning system and organization
Regulations for emergency evacuation
Rescue organization and equipment

Flood prevention

Soft measures:
Fences or vegetation to stimulate dune growth
Sand nourishment of the dune belt

Hard measures:
Seawall (stone, concrete blocks, geocontainers), dike, bulkhead

Erosion mitigation

Soft measures:
Sand nourishment of the beach or the foreshore
Shore vegetation
Beach drainage

Hard measures:
Shore parallel: Offshore breakwater (concrete, stone, geotube)
Shore perpendicular: Groynes, jetties, artificial headlands
Perched beach

Enhancing sustainability and ecosystem services Natural protection

Structural measures:
Vegetated foreland in front of coastal defences (planting mangroves, extension of marshland by sediment trapping or by artificial nourishment)
Natural offshore reef
Coastal wetland restoration and creation, managed retreat

Planning:
Ecosystem-based long-term development planning of estuaries and delta systems
Protection of biodiversity, designation of coastal and marine protected areas

Sediment management

Sand by-pass systems
Planning and management of river dams
Use of clean dredging material for coastal nourishment and coastal protection works

Limitation of soil subsidence

Regulations for groundwater extraction and drainage and for extraction of minerals
Groundwater management and alternative water supply (incl. recharge of aquifers)

Climate change adaptation (CCA)

Climate projections and socio-economic scenarios for the future
Regular evaluation of ICZM policies and regulations
Regular revision of design standards and corresponding assessment of protection works
Assessment of coastal development projects towards climate resilience (CCA Impact Assessment)

Economic development Land-use (housing, agriculture, fisheries)

Ban on urban development in sensitive zones
Coastal zone water management plan and implementation (water availability, water quality and limitation of salt intrusion)

Tourism

Attractive landscape and cultural heritage
Access road planning (walk, bicycle lanes)

Port and industry

Ban on industrial development in sensitive zones
Regulations for dredged material regarding disposal / treatment / re-use
Environmental Impact Assessment and nature compensation for port/industrial development

Awareness raising Public information and consultation

Dissemination of local of risk maps
Stakeholder analysis and involvement
Public participation in coastal zone management

Financial instruments

Coastal risk insurance
Coastal zone management tax for landowners
Payment for ecosystem services

Governance ICZM policy cycle

Planning-monitoring-assessment cycle implemented at decision-making levels
Structural funds for monitoring and implementation of ICZM

Legal/institutional framework

Clear responsibilities endorsed by all concerned administrations
Adequate and enforced laws and regulations

Knowledge base

Monitoring and assessment organization
Data sharing
Capacity building of ICZM staff
Exchange of knowledge and good practices among similar coastal zones


See also

General introductions to theory, practice and tools for ICZM can be found in the articles:

Some definitions of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
The ICZM Process - a Roadmap towards Coastal Sustainability - Introduction
Sustainability indicators
Shoreline management
Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone
Coastal cities and sea level rise
Groundwater management in low-lying coastal zones
Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies
Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction

Other Coastal Wiki articles related to Integrated Coastal Zone Management are listed under the category Integrated coastal zone management.


Further reading

There is a comprehensive bibliography on ICZM. A selection of useful documents is indicated below.

Website European Commission with information about EU strategy (EU recommendation on ICZM of 30 May 2002 (2002/413/EC)) and ICZM information platforms. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/rec_imp.htm

Report on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2006_6

Assessment of European coastal erosion policies in relation to ICZM (Conscience project 2010). http://www.conscience-eu.net/documents/deliverable11-assessment.pdf

Cummins, V., O Mahony, C., & Connolly, N. 2004. Review Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management & Principles Of Best Practice. https://www.ucc.ie/research/crc/papers/ICZM_Report.pdf

US National Coastal Zone Management Program. https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/

IOC 2006. A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier, 2. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000147313

DEFRA 2008. A strategy for promoting an integrated approach to the management of coastal areas in England. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/climatechange/doc.php?docID=154

OURCOAST database (2011) with lessons learned from the coastal management experiences and practices in European countries. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/portals/ourcoast-the-european-portal-for-integrated-coastal-zone-management



References

  1. Thia-Eng, C. 1993. Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management 21:81-108
  2. COM(2000) 547 final
  3. 3.0 3.1 Martí, X., Lescrauwaet, A-K., Borg, M. and Valls, M. 2007. Indicators Guidelines To adopt an indicators-based approach to evaluate coastal sustainable development. Deduce project, Department of the Environment and Housing, Government of Catalonia. https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/metadata/tools/deduce-indicators-guidelines-to-adopt-an-indicators-based-approach-to-evaluate-coastal-sustainable-development
  4. OECD, 2019, Responding to Rising Seas: OECD Country Approaches to Tackling Coastal Risks, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://www.oecd.org/environment/cc/policy-highlights-responding-to-rising-seas.pdf
  5. Wilby, R.L. and Keenan, R. 2012. Adapting to flood risk under climate change. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133312438908
  6. Spalding, M.D. et al. 2014. The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: Adapting to climate change and coastal hazards. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2013.09.007
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The main author of this article is Job Dronkers
Please note that others may also have edited the contents of this article.

Citation: Job Dronkers (2020): Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). Available from http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Integrated_Coastal_Zone_Management_(ICZM) [accessed on 28-03-2024]