Property:Definition
From MarineSpecies Introduced Traits Wiki
This is a property of type Text. It links to pages that use the form MstConcept.
F
Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980). +
Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage -
High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°) +
A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here). +
An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds +
Seabirds +
Stealing food from other birds in flight +
Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on +
Seabirds/Wader +
Seabirds/Wader +
A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna. +
An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps). +
1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase)
2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia)
3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul> +
Free living - little modification +
Eggs spawned into water column +
<0.5 psu +
Shaped like a funnel +
G
Descriptors of the relative size of gametes +
The mean period of time between reproduction by parent generation and the reproduction of the first filial generation (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998); recorded in years. +
Where the species degrades native genetic resources (by hybridizing with native fauna/flora). +
Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark +
Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding) +
An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish) +
Specialist larval form in some freshwater bivalves, characterized by a bivalve shell, with or with a pair of hooks, and a long adhesive thread or tentacle. It lives as a temporary parasite on the gills or fins of fish. In some species a modified glochidium is termed a 'lasidium' before attachment and a 'haustorium' after attachment (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Free-swimming four armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony. +
Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions +
Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc. +
1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006). +
Mud with 5-30% gravel (see Long, 2006) +
Sand (50-90%) with gravel (>5%) and mud (see Long, 2006) +
Sand with 5-30% gravel (see Long 2006) +
Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony. +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III +
seabirds? +
Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms. +
(expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year) +
H
Traits that describe an organisms preferred habitat and its position within that habitat. +
A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam ''et al.'', 2013). +
The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species. Some 200 rare and characteristic habitat types are also targeted for conservation in their own right.
All in all, over 1.000 animal and plant species, as well as 200 habitat types, listed in the directive's annexes are protected in various ways. +
(needs a definition) +
Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species. +
(needs a definition) +
Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites. +
Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status. +
(needs a definition) +
Occupying the ocean floor at depths exceeding ca 6000 m. Usually in trenches and canyons of the abyssal zone. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Open waters of deep oceanic trenches, from ca 6000 m and below. +
Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Half parallelepiped (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Half sphere (dome) +
Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis +
A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Immobile hard substratum e.g. solid rock, concrete but including soft rocks, such as chalk. +
Mobile hard substratum, e.g. cobbles, pebbles that are regularly moved by wave action. +
Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules +
Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc. +
The haploid and diploid phases are different in size and body shape; the gametophyte is often diminutive (small to microscopic). +
An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3. +
An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Where the species impacts human health. +
Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups. +
>40 psu +
Living above but close to the substratum (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
I
Provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ +
Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats. +
Information on the impact of introduced and invasive marine species has been recorded. These include impacts on native species, their habitats and ecosystems, human health and activity, transmission of diseases, etc. Descriptive terms of impacts were standardized and listed in a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). +
Species that have been introduced and maintained in captivity or cultivated for example those species that are farmed in aquaculture or mariculture facilities. +
Independant, individual organisms +
This describes any situation in which an invasive species is "accidentally" set free in the wild from aquaria sources leading to its introduction into a new area/region. +
This describes any situation in which an invasive species is intentionally planted or set free in the wild leading to its introduction into a new area/region. +
Where the species affects the behaviour of native species. +
A subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey +
A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980). +
Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts. +
Fertilization (gametes meet) within the body (or body cavity or accessory organ) of the individual +
Living within the system of cavities and channels formed by the spaces between grains in a sediment (interstitial space). +
Terms and definitions used in the World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRIMS). +
Country or sea area that is recorded as the known introduced range of the species. +
Species whose presence is uncertain, maybe reported as present anecdotally but not confirmed. +
Species that are known to be invasive- those species in whose cases evidence of impact has been recorded or which is spreading aggressively. +
Terms used to describe 'Invasiveness' of species. +
A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness. +
Species whose invasiveness is uncertain. +
Gametes similar in size, shape and behaviour, not differentiated into male or female (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Haploid and diploid phases morphologically identical +
1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
J
Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes ''et al.'', 2006) +
Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc) +
Early adult life stage of an organism that shares the morphology and ecology of the adult but is not capable of reproduction. +
K
composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
L
Enclosed bodies of water, separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes. +
Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980). +
>512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996). +
Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc. +
An independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes <em>et al.</em>, 2006). +
Description of how the larvae or juveniles develop into adults +
Description of the period of time over which larval settlement occurs. +
Duration of the larval stage recorded in days or months. +
A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement +
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. +
Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
The stages an organism passes through between the production of gametes by one generation and production of gametes by the next generation (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Traits that describe the life history characteristics of an organism +
Stone-boring; an organism that burrows into rock. +
A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations. +
Three location types have been recorded to describe the native range and known introduced range of the species +
Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans +
Where the species reduces aquaculture harvest or commercial/recreational gain. +
Where the species degrades amenities associated with public/tourist sites. +
Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting Rhodophycota patchy in grazed areas. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata below the maximum depth limit of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoral where grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
The lower part of the shore only exposed (emersed) at the lowest part of the tide. +
The bottom of the littoral fringe. In the UK, characterized by he ''Pelvetia/Porphyra'' belt with patchy ''Verrucaria maura'' and ''Fucus spiralis'' (on sheltered shores). ''Verrucaria mucosa'' present above the main barnacle population. May also include salt marsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). +
M
Species that comprise indicators or components of indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm), with emphasis on Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. +
Macroalgal surfaces, such as kelps and fucoids. +
Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm. +
Species for which some management action including prevention has been recorded in its introduced range. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Common in OSPAR Region II +
30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full) +
Particle size 0.25-1mm (Hiscock, 1996) +
Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988). +
5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu) +
The upper aphotic zone and extends to a depth of ca 1000 m. +
Second larval stage in decapod Crustacea; resembles the nauplius but with more appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm. +
Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus'' and ''Palmaria palmata'' patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996). +
Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992). +
A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Mixtures of a variety of sediment types, composed of pebble / gravel / sand / mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands. +
Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3 +
Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits +
Generally coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent. +
1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.) +
Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon ''et al.'', 2005). +
A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts. +
Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Traits that describes specialized mouth parts +
Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes ''Chaetopterus'' and larvaceans. +
Mud and sandy muds where mud is the major fraction (see Long, 2006) +
Gravel (30-80%) with mud (see Long, 2006) +
Gravel (30-80%) with mud and sand (see Long, 2006) +
The free-swimming eight armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Rupert & Barnes, 1994). +
Many generations per year (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins). +
The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross. +
A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite). +
N
Species that is native and endemic to a country or sea area i.e. a species that is unique to a location or habitat. +
Species that is native to an area but is not endemic to it i.e. a species that has a wide native range. +
Country or sea area which is the native range of the species. +
Where an invasive species migrates from a known introduced location to a new area/region using a natural mode/mechanism of dispersal; as the original location is part of its introduced range this pathway is included here. +
Free-swimming larva, with a characteristic triangular shape, rostral horns in some, three pairs of appendages, and sometimes a nauplia eye. The number of nauplius stages varies between groups (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. +
A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln <i>et al.</i>, 1998). +
Eggs are laid and abandoned by adult +
Offspring are abandoned by the adult +
Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). +
Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-incompatability genes +
component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together. +
small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges. +
Independent without a defined territory +
Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph) +
Species that has not demonstrated any invasive traits in its introduced range. +
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. +
O
The common indicators agreed by OSPAR for assessing the status of biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic cover marine mammals, seabirds, fish communities, seafloor habitats, pelagic habitats, non-indigenous species and food webs.
The biodiversity common indicators contributed assessments of the status biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic to the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. The assessments are published in the OSPAR Assessment Portal.
The indicators are based on information from monitoring programmes described in the Coordinated Environment Monitoring Programme (CEMP). The programmes are described in the Appendices to the CEMP Agreement. Detailed descriptions, including method descriptions for the indicator calculations, are included in the CEMP Guideline Agreements. +
The OSPAR Biological Diversity and Ecosystems Strategy sets out that the OSPAR Commission will assess which species and habitats need to be protected. This OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats has been developed to fulfil this commitment. It is based upon nominations by Contracting Parties and observers to the Commission of species and habitats that they consider to be priorities for protection. +
Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant. +
The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation. +
The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism. +
The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism. +
Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport. +
Terms used to describe 'Occurrence' of species. +
Species which may be listed as alien or introduced but whose occurrence has not been specified. +
Species that are demonstrating aggressive spread and there is concern about its spread OR species where some concern has been recorded- this may be due to known records of its invasiveness and impacts in other areas of their known introduced range. +
Seabed beyond three miles (5 km) from the shore. +
0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu) +
An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast. +
Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). +
Free-swimming larvae of Ophiuroidea, distinguished by four pairs of arms supported by skeletal rods (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
(1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules. +
Species whose biological status is uncertain i.e. it is uncertain if the species is native or alien to the location. +
Species whose origins cannot be verified OR a species whose origin has not been specified in the source information. +
Where the species has a known but undefined or uncertain impact. +
The surface of other species, e.g. shells or carapace. +
Where the species dominates or outcompetes native species for resources and/or space. +
An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang. +
Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Parents, guard or protect the eggs/clutch e.g. birds, some reptiles +
Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). No nutrition is derived from the mother. +
P
Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids). +
In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning) +
An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent. +
An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999). +
Movement dependent on wind or water currents +
Where the species is a pathogen/parasite of native species or carrier of a pathogen/parasite which infects/parasitizes native species. +
