Deep-Sea source details
Korshunova, T.; Fletcher, K.; Martynov, A. (2025). The endless forms are the most differentiated — how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 204(4): zlaf057: 1-93.
514054
10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf057 [view]
Korshunova, T.; Fletcher, K.; Martynov, A.
2025
The endless forms are the most differentiated — how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
204(4): zlaf057: 1-93
Publication
Stated date: 18 August 2025
Available for editors 
In this study, a global-encompassing, fine-scale differentiated taxonomy is consistently presented from the high level of a major nudibranch suborder, Aeolidacea, and then consequentially to lower levels of superfamilies, families, genera, and species to conjoin the underlying evolutionary pathways of aeolidacean nudibranchs and systematic representation to a maximal degree. The suborder Aeolidacea is reinstated and the superfamily system of Aeolidacea is reformed; 10 aeolidacean superfamilies are recognized encompassing 29 families in an all-family Synopsis, and the superfamily Embletonioidea is included in addition. Two new families, Chudidae fam. nov. and Hantazuidae fam. nov., are described, which show unique morphological and molecular patterns. Seven new species are described within various superfamilies, and five species are reinstated. The genus-level taxonomy of the family Coryphellidae is revisited, 11 genera are recognized, including nine reinstated and two new genera. We show that recent synonymization of all valid Coryphellidae genera into just a single genus was based on an erroneous phylogenetic analysis, the careless treatment of morphological characters, and established preconceptions. Uniting fine-scale morphological and molecular data, order level nudibranch taxonomy is refined, order Nudibranchia is restricted, and order Doridida is reinstated. Within the order Nudibranchia, five suborders are recognized: Arminacea, restricted, reinstated; Tritoniacea, reinstated; Dendronotacea, restricted, reinstated; Janolacea, reinstated; and Aeolidacea, revised, reinstated.
Date
action
by
Aeolidina accepted as Aeolidioidea J. E. Gray, 1827 (status source)
Amphorina Quatrefages, 1844 (status source)
Arminina accepted as Arminoidea Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923 (1841) (status source)
Chudidae Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudo Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudo humanistica Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudoidea Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Cuthona Alder & Hancock, 1855 (additional source)
Cuthonidae Odhner, 1934 (additional source)
Dendronotina accepted as Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845 (status source)
Doridida accepted as Doridina (status source)
Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934 (additional source)
Eubranchus Forbes, 1838 (additional source)
Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857 (basis of record)
Galvinella Eliot, 1907 (status source)
Galvinella antarctica Eliot, 1907 (status source)
Janolina accepted as Proctonotoidea J. E. Gray, 1853 (status source)
Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910 (additional source)
Notaeolidioidea Eliot, 1910 accepted as Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857 (basis of record)
Tritonina accepted as Tritonioidea Lamarck, 1809 (status source)
Amphorina Quatrefages, 1844 (status source)
Arminina accepted as Arminoidea Iredale & O'Donoghue, 1923 (1841) (status source)
Chudidae Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudo Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudo humanistica Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Chudoidea Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025 (original description)
Cuthona Alder & Hancock, 1855 (additional source)
Cuthonidae Odhner, 1934 (additional source)
Dendronotina accepted as Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845 (status source)
Doridida accepted as Doridina (status source)
Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934 (additional source)
Eubranchus Forbes, 1838 (additional source)
Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857 (basis of record)
Galvinella Eliot, 1907 (status source)
Galvinella antarctica Eliot, 1907 (status source)
Janolina accepted as Proctonotoidea J. E. Gray, 1853 (status source)
Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910 (additional source)
Notaeolidioidea Eliot, 1910 accepted as Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857 (basis of record)
Tritonina accepted as Tritonioidea Lamarck, 1809 (status source)
Holotype KM883, geounit Southern Ocean, identified as Chudo humanistica Korshunova, Fletcher & Martynov, 2025
