HABs taxon details
original description
Loeblich A.R.III, Sherley,J.L. & Schmidt R.J. 1979. The correct position of flagellar insertion in <i>Procentrum</i> and description of <i>Prorocentrum rhathymum</i> sp. nov. (Pyrrophyta). J. Plankton Res. 1:113-120. [details]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]
additional source
Carlson R.D. & Tindall D.R. 1985. Distribution and periodicity of toxic dinoflagellates in the Virgin Islands. In: <i>Toxic Dinoflagellates</i> (Ed. by D.M. Anderson, A.W. White & D.G. Baden), pp. 171-176. Elsevier, New York. [details]
additional source
Bomber, J. W.; Aikman, K. E. (1988). The ciguatera dinoflagellates. <em>Biol. Oceanogr.</em> 6: 291-311. [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Hoppenrath, M.; Murray, S. A.; Chomérat, N.; Horiguchi, T. (2014). Marine benthic dinoflagellates - unravelling their worldwide biodiversity. <em>Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe.</em> 54: 1-276. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Chomérat, N.; Bilien, G.; Zentz, F. (2019). A taxonomical study of benthic Prorocentrum species (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) from Anse Dufour (Martinique Island, eastern Caribbean Sea). <em>Marine Biodiversity.</em> 49(3): 1299-1319., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0913-6 [details]
additional source
Hoppenrath, M.; Chomérat, N.; Horiguchi, T.; Schweikert, M.; Nagahama, Y.; Murray, S. (2013). Taxonomy and phylogeny of the benthic Prorocentrum species (Dinophyceae)—A proposal and review. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 27: 1-28., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.03.006 [details]
status source
Gómez, F.; Qiu, D.; Lin, S. (2017). The Synonymy of the Toxic Dinoflagellates <i>Prorocentrum mexicanum</i> and <i>P. rhathymum</i> and the Description of <i>P. steidingerae</i> sp. nov. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae). <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> , available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12403 [details]
toxicology source
Nakajima I., Oshima Y. & Yasumoto T. 1981. Toxicity of benthic dinoflagellates in Okinawa. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 1029-1033. [details]
From regional or thematic species database
Description Oval to oblong, asymmetric cells with smooth thecal surface with characteristic pore pattern (one apical row, posterior radial rows in shallow thecal furrows). Large pores, each located in a depression. A foveate (“rugose”) ornamentation has been reported by Faust (1990a). Plate centre devoid of pores. The periflagellar area is wide V-shaped. Nine platelets. Wing on platelet 1. Second shorter wing, more a list, at the most ventral platelet. Oval nucleus posterior. Specimens with pyrenoid recorded only in one study (Mohammad-Noor et al. 2007b). [details]
Harmful effect Material from Malaysia is known to produce okadaic acid (Caillaud et al. 2010). The identity of the material as P. rhathymum was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
Material from Florida (An et al. 2010), found in laboratory studies to produce okadaic acid, was not illustrated but was found to be almost identical in ITS sequences to the Malaysian material. It therefore most likely represents P. rhathymum. [details]
Identification
For morphological identification help look here: https://www.dinophyta.org/identification-keys/marine-benthic-dinoflagellates/prorocentrum-ident-spp-pages/
or check out this key: https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v4/prorocentrum/
[details]
Status The species was suggested by Gomez et al. (2017) to be a synonym of Prorocentrum mexicanum. However, the two species differ in both morphology and ecology. P. rhathymum is a benthic marine dinoflagellate with a characteristic pattern of trichocyst pores on the thecal plates, some of which are arranged in radiating lines towards the lateral sides. P. mexicanum is from the marine phytoplankton and it is unclear from the original description whether it has radiating lines of trichocyst pores (likely not), the pores are scattered on thecal surface. See Hoppenrath et al. (2014) for further information on P. rhathymum. Cells of P. rhathymum are smooth (young cells) or rugose (old cells, see Faust 1990). The latter were described by Gomez et al. (2017) as P. steidingerae. Further studies of the species complex (P. mexicanum, P. rhathymum, P. steidingeae) are needed to clarify species delimitations and synonymy. [details]
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