WoRMS name details
original description
(of Gryphaea angulata Lamarck, 1819) Lamarck [J.-B. M.] de. (1819). <i>Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres</i>. Tome 6(1): vi + 343 pp. Paris: published by the author. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47441 page(s): 198 [details]
context source (HKRMS)
Lam K. & Morton B. (2004). The oysters of Hong Kong (Bivalvia: Ostreidae and Gryphaeidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52. pp 11-28. [details]
context source (Schelde)
Van Ryckegem, G.; Van Braeckel, A.; Elsen, R.; Speybroeck, J.; Vandevoorde, B.; Mertens, W.; Breine, J.; Van den Bergh, E. (2014). MONEOS – Geïntegreerd datarapport: INBO: toestand Zeeschelde 2013 Monitoringsoverzicht en 1ste lijnsrapportage Geomorfologie, diversiteit Habitats en diversiteit Soorten. <em>Rapporten van het Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek, INBO.R.2014.2646963. Instituut voor Natuur- en Bosonderzoek (INBO): Brussel.</em> 137 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Menzel R.W. (1974). Portuguese and Japanese oysters are the same species. <i>Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31</i>: 453-456, available online at https://doi.org/10.1139/f74-074 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Fabioux C., Huvet A., Lapègue S., Heurtebise S. & Boudry P. (2002). Past and present geographical distribution of populations of Portuguese (<i>Crassostrea angulata</i>)and Pacific (<i>C. gigas</i>) oysters along the European and north African Atlantic coasts. <i>Haliotis 31</i>: 33-44, available online at http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2002/publication-2785.pdf [details]
additional source
Huvet, A.; Fabioux, C.; Mccombie, H.; Lapegue, S.; Boudry, P. (2004). Natural hybridization between genetically differentiated populations of <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> and <i>C. angulata</i> highlighted by sequence variation in flanking regions of a microsatellite locus. <em>Marine Ecology Progress Series.</em> 272: 141-152., available online at http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3355/ [details]
additional source
Lapegue S., Batista F.M., Heurtebise S., Yu Z. & Boudry P. 2004. Evidence for the presence of the Portuguese oyster, <i>Crassostrea angulata</i>, in northern China. <i>Journal of Shellfish Research</i>, 23(3): 759-763. , available online at http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3062368 [details]
additional source
Batista F., Leitão A., Huvet A., Lapegue S., Heurtebise S. & Boudry P. 2005.
The taxonomic status and origin of the Portuguese oyster <i>Crassostrea angulata</i> (Lamarck, 1819). <i> in:</i>Proceedings, 1st International Oyster Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, July 13-14. <i>Oyster Research Institute News</i>, 18: 6pp. unpaginated., available online at http://www.worldoyster.org/proceeding_pdf/news_18-1e.pdf [details]
status source
Bayne B.L., Ahrens M., Allen S. K., Anglès D'auriac M., Backeljau T., Beninger P., Bohn R., Boudry P., Davis J., Green T., Guo X., Hedgecock D., Ibarra A., Kingsley-Smith P., Krause M., Langdon C., Lapègue S., Li C., Manahan D., Mann R., Perez-Paralle L., Powell E.N., Rawson P.D., Speiser D., SanchezJ.L., Shumway S. & Wang H. (2017). The proposed dropping of the genus <i>Crassostrea</i> for all Pacific cupped oysters and Its replacement by a new genus <i>Magallana</i>: A dissenting view. <em>Journal of Shellfish Research.</em> 6(3): 545-547., available online at https://doi.org/10.2983/035.036.0301 [details]
From editor or global species database
Nomenclature ICZN opinion 388: placed on official list of specific names [details]
Taxonomy The Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata and the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas were described as distinct species with widely separated geographical origins - southwestern Europe and Japan respectively. In the 1970's C. gigas was introduced to the Atlantic coast of France in order to restore oyster farming affected by a disease of C. angulata, and it became evident that the two species could hybridize (Menzel, 1974, Huvet et al., 2004) and therefore were treated as synonyms (Huber, 2010).
During the recent years, however, several genetic studies based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data have provided evidence that the two taxa are genetically distinct although closely related (see overview in Batista et al. 2005). Particularly, an average of 2.3% difference in CO1 sequence suggests that populations of C. gigas and C. angulata may have diverged several hundred thousand years ago (Hedgecock et al., 2004). Studies involving microsatellite markers have shown that there are low but clear genetic differences between the two taxons. From all recent studies, it seems clear that the European C. angulata was introduced in the XVI or XVIIth century from Taiwan, and can be recognized genetically from C. gigas introduced later from Japan.
Nevertheless the relationship of both taxa in intermediate locations remains to be elucidated. Lapègue et al. (2004) reported characteristic haplotypes of both C. gigas and C. angulata occurred in a population from northern China locally known as C. talienwhanensis Crosse, 1862; this could either mean that both species are distinct but overlap ranges, or that all those haplotypes are to be found in a single, geographically variable species.
Considering this state of the art, C. angulata and C. gigas are listed here separately but qualified as very closely related and still possibly conspecific.
[details]
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