African Register of Marine Species (AfReMaS) - Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen, 1985

(of Goniodoma ostenfeldii Paulsen, 1904) Paulsen, O. (1904). Plankton investigations in the waters round Iceland in 1903. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havundersøgelser, Serie: Plankton, København. 1(1): 1-41, figs. 1-12, Maps 1-2. [details]

Type data

Type locality contained in Iceland

type locality contained in Iceland [details]

Descriptive notes

LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:47212

LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:47212 [details]

Description The cell is relatively large and not quite spherical. The epitheca is somewhat conic-convex, with regularly curved sides;...

Description The cell is relatively large and not quite spherical. The epitheca is somewhat conic-convex, with regularly curved sides; the apical area either does not project or has a very slight relief. The hypotheca is hemispheric and approximately the same height as the epitheca; the antapical area may be somewhat obliquely flattened. The cingulum is either not excavated or only scarcely so and is descending (<1). The sulcus is slightly depressed and, therefore, almost not noticeable. As this species was described in detail by Balech and Tangen (1985), I will only give some complementary details, mostly based on the material from Spain (Galicia). In these specimens, the cingulum only descends about 0.3 cingulum height and has very narrow (1 μm wide) lists (1985 description specifies without lists). In some places, the lists have basal granules that represent incipient ribs (or radii of the lists). The S.s.p. is always wider anteriorly than posteriorly. It is more variable than the S.d.p. and frequently has an oblique longitudinal fold that can in part explain the plate variation. Also, the S.s.a. sometimes shows an oblique fold that crosses it. The largest specimens (L up to 56) usually have meagerly developed sutural bands. However, in the U.S.A. (Dockton, Washington), some very large specimens had wide sutural bands; these specimens were more elongated than the usual (the greatest measured L 71, A 64.5, Trd 57, DV 51). [details]

Taxonomic citation

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech & Tangen, 1985. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109712 on 2024-12-28

Taxonomic edit history

Date

action

2004-12-21 15:54:05Z

created

Brandt, Sue

2006-07-27 06:59:07Z

changed

Camba Reu, Cibran

2008-09-04 09:44:46Z

changed

Decock, Wim

2010-01-15 07:09:15Z

changed

Guiry, Michael D.

2010-10-27 09:50:34Z

changed

Fraga, Santiago

2015-06-26 12:00:51Z

changed

Guiry, Michael D.

Licensing

Copyright notice: the information originating from AlgaeBase may not be downloaded or replicated by any means, without the written permission of the copyright owner (generally AlgaeBase). Fair usage of data in scientific publications is permitted.

[taxonomic tree]

original description (of Goniodoma ostenfeldii Paulsen, 1904) Paulsen, O. (1904). Plankton investigations in the waters round Iceland in 1903. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Havundersøgelser, Serie: Plankton, København. 1(1): 1-41, figs. 1-12, Maps 1-2. [details]

original description (of Pyrodinium phoneus Woloszynskia & Conrad, 1939) Woloszynska, J.; Conrad, W. (1939). Pyrodinium phoneus, n. sp., agent de la toxicité des moules du canal maritime de Bruges à Zeebrugge [Pyrodinium phoneus, n. sp., toxic agent in mussels from the sea channel Brugge-Zeebrugge]. Bull. Mus. royal d'Hist. Nat. Belg./Med. Kon. Natuurhist. Mus. Belg. 15(46): 1-5 (look up in IMIS) [details]

original description (of Alexandrium peruvianum (Balech & Mendiola) Balech & Tangen, 1985) Balech, E.; Rojas, E. D. (1977). Un nuevo Gonyaulax productor de hemotalasia en Perú (Protozoa, Dinoflagellata). Neotropica. 23: 49-54. [details] Available for editors

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context source (Introduced species) Molnar, J.L., R.L. Gamboa, C. Revenga & M.D. Spalding. (2008). Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 6(9): 485-492., available online at https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/Pages/marineinvasives.aspx [details] Available for editors

[request]

basis of record Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212. [details]

additional source MacKenzie L., White D., Oshima Y. & Kapa J. 1996. The resting cyst and toxicity of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) in New Zealand. Phycologia 35: 148-155. [details]

additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]

additional source Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details]

additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]

additional source Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details]

additional source Horner, R. A. (2002). A taxonomic guide to some common marine phytoplankton. Biopress Ltd. Bristol. 1-195. [details]

additional source Martin, J. L.; LeGresley, M. M. ; Strain, P. M. (2001). Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2349. 4: 1-85. [details]

additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]

additional source Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details]

additional source Steidinger, K.A.; Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. pp. 387-584. In: C.R. Tomas (ed.) (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126930184500057 [details]

additional source Tahvanainen, P.; Alpermann, T. J.; Figueroa, R. I.; John, U.; Hakanen, P.; Nagai, S.; Blomster, J.; Kremp, A. (2012). Patterns of post-glacial genetic differentiation in marginal populations of a marine microalga. PLoS ONE. 7(12): e53602., available online at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053602 [details]

source of synonymy Kremp, A.; Tahvanainen, P.; Litaker, W.; Krock, B.; Suikkanen, S.; Leaw, C. P.; Tomas, C. (2013). Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) complex: implications for species boundaries and identities. Journal of Phycology. 50(1): 81-100., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12134 [details]

source of synonymy Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. Acta Bot. Croat. 64(1): 129-212. [details]

new combination reference Balech E.& Tangen K. 1985. Morphology and taxonomy of toxic species in the tamarensis group (Dinophyceae) Alexandrium excavatum (Braarud) comb. nov. and Alexandrium ostenfeldii(Paulsen) comb. nov. Sarsia 70: 333-343. [details] Available for editors

[request]

toxicology source Hansen P.J., Cembella A.D. & Moestrup Ø. 1992. The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii: paralytic shellfish toxin concentration, composition, and toxicity to a tintinnid ciliate. J. Phycol. 28: 597-603. [details]

toxicology source Cembella A.D., Lewis N.I. & Quilliam M.A. 2000. The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) as the causative organism of spirolide shellfish toxins. Phycologia 39: 67-74. [details]

ecology source Leles, S. G.; Mitra, A.; Flynn, K. J.; Tillmann, U.; Stoecker, D.; Jeong, H. J.; Burkholder, J.; Hansen, P. J.; Caron, D. A.; Glibert, P. M.; Hallegraeff, G.; Raven, J. A.; Sanders, R. W.; Zubkov, M. (2019). Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 28(4): 418-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12853 [details] Available for editors

[request]

ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]

ecology source Jacobson, D. M.; Anderson, D. M. (1996). Widespread Phagocytosis of Ciliates and Other Protists By Marine Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Thecate Dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology. 32(2): 279-285., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00279.x [details] Available for editors

[request]

ecology source Tillmann, U.; Kremp, A.; Tahvanainen, P.; Krock, B. (2014). Characterization of spirolide producing Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the western Arctic. Harmful Algae. 39: 259-270., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.08.008 [details]

Present

Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio

Inaccurate

Introduced: alien

Containing type locality

From editor or global species database

LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:47212 [details]

From regional or thematic species database

Harmful effect Two PSP-producing cultures were isolated in Denmark in 1992 (Hansen et al., 1992) but they were weakly toxic. One of these PSP-producing strains could be experimentally ingested by a Tintinnid ciliate (Favella ehrenbergi), provided that the cells of A. ostenfeldii are in concentrations <2000 cells ml-1 (Hansen et al., 1992). Transfer of toxins within the pelagic food chain is thus possible. Strains producing both SPX and STX or producing only STX or only SPX are equally encountered (Salgado et al., 2015). Strong variability in production of STXs exists, such as in New Zealand strains, which may be non-toxic, or producing only STX or only GTX3 and GTX5. Concerning the production of spirolides by A. ostenfeldii, the following analogues have been identified as algal metabolites: spirolides A, B, C and D, 13-desmethylspirolide C, 13,19-didesmethylspirolide C, 13-desmethylspirolide D and 20-methylspirolide G. Additionally, the following metabolites have been identified in shellfish by Hu et al. (1996): spirolides E and F (ring opening of the cyclic imines renders them biologically inactive). Also, fatty acid esters of 20-methylspirolide G have been identified in mussels from Norway by Aasen et al., 2005. The esterification does not inactivate the toxin but slows down the death in mice to several hours instead of several minutes. [details]

Identification The finding of inconsistent morphological and gradual genetic divergence of groups together with no evidence of CBCs indicating reproductive isolation, supports the interpretation that the A. ostenfeldii complex represents one species: A. ostenfeldii. Based on the inconsistencies of the A. peruvianum and G. dimorpha morphotype distributions it was proposed that A. peruvianum and G. dimorpha should be discontinued as species names and treated as synonyms of A. ostenfeldii. [details]

Introduced species impact in Romanian part of the Black Sea : Human health [details]

Introduced species impact in Scandinavia (General Region) : Human health [details]

Verified sequences Strain AOIS4 (Tahvanainen et al. 2012; Kremp et al. 2014):
SSU rDNA KJ361990
LSU rDNA JX841307
ITS/5.8S/ITS2/LSU rDNA JX841281
[details]

Unreviewed

Diet general for group: both heterotrophic (eat other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) [details]

Habitat pelagic [details]

Importance General: known for producing dangerous toxins, particularly when in large numbers, called "red tides" because the cells are so abundant they make water change color. Also they can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in predators (particularly shellfish) that may be eaten by humans. [details]

Predators marine microorganisms and animal larvae [details]

Reproduction general for group: both sexual and asexual [details]

Definitions