WoRMS taxon details
original description
(of Alcyonium tuberculosum Esper, 1791) Esper, E.J.C. (1805 (1829)). Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen. Dritter Theil. Raspe, Nürnberg:1-283., available online at http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/esper1829bd3?sid=2d5b0169727df890642a3a5e6a1c914e page(s): 68, pl. XXIII [details]
original description
(of Alcyonium tuberculosum Esper, 1805) Esper, E.J.C. (1788-1830). Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nuremberg. 3 vols text, 2 vols pls. , available online at https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.2885 page(s): Alcy. Taf. XXIII [details]
context source (Hexacorallia)
Fautin, Daphne G. (2013). Hexacorallians of the World. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record
Vine, P. (1986). Red Sea Invertebrates. Immel Publishing, London. 224 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Colin, P.L.; Arneson, C. (1995). Tropical Pacific Invertebrates. A fieldGuide to the Marine Invertebrates Occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds and Mangroves. <em>Coral Reef Press: Irvine, USA.</em> 1-296. page(s): 124-125 [details]
additional source
Boone, L. (1938). Scientific results of the world cruises of the yachts "Ara", 1928-1929, and "Alva", 1931-1932, "Alva" Mediterranean cruise, 1933, and "Alva" South American cruise, 1935, William K. Vanderbilt, Commanding. <em>Bull. Vanderbilt mar. Mus.</em> 7 : 1-372., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3534016 page(s): 12, 72-79 [details]
additional source
Mariscal, R.N., 1974. Nematocysts. In: L. Muscatine & H.M. Lenhoff, eds, Coelenterate Biology. Reviews and new perspectives : 129-178. page(s): 157 [details]
additional source
Reimer, A.A., 1971. Observations on the relationships between several species of tropical zoanthids (Zoanthidea, Coelenterata) and their zooxanthellae. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 7 : 207-214. page(s): 208, 211, 213 [details]
additional source
Robertson, A.L., J. Lancaster, L.R. Belyea & A.G. Hildrew. (1997). Hydraulic habitat and the assemblage structure of stream benthic microcrustacea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(3):562-575. page(s): 247-248 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
den Hartog, J. C. & van der Land, J. (2000-2007). As a contribution to UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source
Grygier, M.J. (1996). A world list of coral reef-associated Ascothoracida (Crustacea), with remarks on Lauridae Petrarcidae, and Dendrogastridae from Okinawa, Japan. <em>Galaxea.</em> 13: 15-33. page(s): 17, 24, 26 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source
Studer, T. (1879). Zweite Abtheilung der Anthozoa Polyactinia, welche während der Reise A. M. S. Corvette Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. <em>Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.</em> 1878: 525–550, pls. 1-5. page(s): 547 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J.D.; Sinniger, F. (2010). Unexpected diversity in Canadian Pacific zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): a molecular examination and description of a new species from the waters of British Columbia. Mar. Biodiv., 40(4): 249-260. (look up in IMIS) page(s): 257 [details]
additional source
Sinniger, F.; Reimer, J.D.; Pawlowski, J. (2010). The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40(1), 57-70. page(s): 65 [details]
additional source
Haddon, A. and Shackleton, A. (1891). A revision of the British actiniæ. Part II.: The Zoantheæ. <i>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. 4 (12): 609-672. page(s): 631 [details]
additional source
Klunzinger, C. B. (1877). Die Korallthiere des Rothen Meeres. 1: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. <em>Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung. Berlin.</em> pp. 98., available online at https://books.google.com/books/about/Die_Korallenthiere_des_rothen_Meeres.html?id=MxJXkgAACAAJ page(s): 66-67 [details]
additional source
Walsh, G. E.; Bowers, R. L. (1971). A review of Hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species. <em>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.</em> 50(2): 161-180., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1971.tb00757.x page(s): 170-172 [details]
additional source
Ryland, J. S.; Lancaster, J. E. (2003). Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia : Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 17(3): 407-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is02008 page(s): 409, 410 [details]
additional source
Hertwig, R. (1888). Report on the Actiniaria dredged by HMS 'Challenger' during the years 1873-1876. Supplement. <em>Reports on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76.</em> XXVI, pt. LXXIII: 4–56. London, Edinburgh & Dublin., available online at https://archive.org/details/reportonactiniar00hert/page/16 page(s): 46 [details]
additional source
Pax F. (1908). Die Aktinienfauna Westafrikas. <em>Denkschrift. medizin. naturwiss. Gesellschaft Jena.</em> 13: 463-504. page(s): 495 [293], 497 [295] [details]
additional source
Reimer JD, Ono S, Fujiwara Y, Takishita K, Tsukahara J. (2004). Reconsidering Zoanthus spp. diversity: molecular evidence of conspecificity within four previously presumed species. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 21: 517–525. page(s): 520 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D.; Ono, S.; Takishita, K.; Tsukahara, J.; Maruyama, T. (2006). Molecular Evidence Suggesting Species in the Zoanthid Genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) Are Congeneric. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 23(1): 87-94., available online at https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.87 page(s): 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 [details]
additional source
Haddon A. C.; Duerden J. E. (1896). On some Actiniaria from Australia and other districts. <em>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.</em> 6, II, 6, 139-172. page(s): 147, 148 [details]
additional source
Fossa, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1998). The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium. <em>Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim, Germany.</em> volume 2, pp 479. page(s): 279 [details]
additional source
Krempf, A. (1905). Liste des Hexanthides(¹) rapportés de l'Océan Indien (Golfe de Tadjourah) par M. Ch. Gravier. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 11, 191-196 page(s): 195 [details]
additional source
Faurot, L. (1895). Études sur l'anatomie, l'histologie et le développement des actinies. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 3, 3, 43-262 page(s): 205 [details]
additional source
Endean, R. (1982). Australia's Great Barrier Reef. University of Queensland Press. St Lucia, London, New York., edition 1st, pp. 348. page(s): 258 [details]
additional source
Hashimoto, Y.; Ashida, K. (1973). Screening of toxic corals and isolation of a toxic polypeptide from Goniopora spp. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20 (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Cnidaria), 703-711 page(s): 705, 706 [details]
additional source
Kimura, S.; Hashimoto, Y. (1973). Purification of the toxin in a zoanthid Palythoa tuberculosa. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20 (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Cnidaria), 712-718 page(s): 712, 716, 717, 718 [details]
additional source
Yamazato, K.; Isa, T. (1981). Dynamics of colonial growth in a zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper). Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 760 page(s): 760 [details]
additional source
Shick, J. M.; Dykens, J. A. (1985). Oxygen detoxification in algal-invertebrate symbioses from the Great Barrier Reef. Oecologia, 66, 33-41 page(s): 33-41 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Siciliano, D.; Gulko, D.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Potts, D. C.; Aeby, G. (2004). Nihoa Island coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000, and Rapture 2000 and 2002 sites [Table 1]. Unpublished. [details]
additional source
McMurrich, J. P. (1889). The Actiniaria of the Bahama Islands, W.I. Journal of Morphology, 3(1): 1-80 page(s): 67, 68 [details]
additional source
Karlson, R. H. (1988). Size-dependent growth in two zoanthid species: a contrast in clonal strategies. Ecology, 69(4): 1219-1232 page(s): 1228 [details]
additional source
Herberts, C. (1987). Ordre des Zoanthaires. Masson. Paris., pp. 783-810 page(s): 793, 796 [details]
additional source
Mueller, E.; Haywick, W. (1995). Sediment assimilation and calcification by the western Atlantic reef zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco), 14(2): 89-100 page(s): 90 [details]
additional source
Moore, R. E.; Scheuer, P. J. (1971). Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science, 172, 495-497 page(s): 495 [details]
additional source
Yamazato, K.; Yoshimoto, F.; Yoshihara, N. (1973). Reproductive cycle in a zoanthid Palythoa tuberculosa Esper. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20 (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Cnidaria), 275-283 page(s): 275-283 [details]
additional source
Southwell, T. (1906). Corrections and Additions. Part V.- Add the following list of Actiniaria identified by Mr. T. Southwell. W. A. Herdman (eds.). Royal Society. London, chapter correction, volume V, pp. 451-452 page(s): 451, 452 [details]
additional source
Ryland, J. S.; Wigley, R. A.; Muirhead, A. M. (1984). Ecology and colonial dynamics of some Pacific reef flat Didemnidae (Ascidiacea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 261-282 page(s): 278 [details]
additional source
Walsh, G. E. (1967). An Annotated Bibliography of the Families Zoanthidae, Epizoanthidae, and Parazoanthidae (Coelenterata, Zoantharia). Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. Honolulu., pp. 77. page(s): 19-20 [details]
additional source
Ryland, J. S. (1997). Reproduction in Zoanthidea (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 31(1-3): 177-188 page(s): 179, 180, 181, 182 [details]
additional source
Ryland, J. S.; Babcock, R. C. (1991). Annual cycle of gametogenesis and spawning in a tropical zoanthid, Protopalythoa sp. Hydrobiologia, 216/217, 117-123 page(s): 121-123 [details]
additional source
Cooke, W. J. (1976). Reproduction, growth, and some tolerances of Zoanthus pacificus and Palythoa vestitus in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. Plenum. New York and London., pp. 281-288 page(s): 281, 282 [details]
additional source
Uchida, H.; Soyama, I. (2001). Sea Anemones in Japanese Waters. TBS. Japan., pp. 157. page(s): 121, 151, 156 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Molina, M.; Kenyon, J. (2004). Palmyra Atoll coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000-2002, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000-2001, and Sette 2004 surveys [Table 8]. UNPUBLISHED, UNPUBLISHED [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Gulko, D.; Aeby, G.; Potts, D. C. (2004). Gardner Pinnacles 2000-3 coral data compiled from Rapture 2000 and 2002, and Sette 2003 sites [Table 2]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Potts, D. C.; Siciliano, D.; Aeby, G.; Kenyon, J.; Gulko, D. (2004). Necker Island coral data compiled from Rapture and Townsend Cromwell 2000 and 2002, and Sette 2003 surveys [Table 4]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Gulko, D. (2004). French Frigate Shoals coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000-2, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Rapture 2000 and 2002, and 2003 Sette surveys [Table 1]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Siciliano, D.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Aeby, G.; Kenyon, J.; Gulko, D.; Potts, D. C. (2004). Maro reef coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000 and 2002, American Islander 2001, Rapture 2000 and 2002, and Sette 2003 surveys [Table 9]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Kenyon, J. (2004). Rose Atoll coral data compiled from US Fish and Wildlife Service 1994, Townsend Cromwell 2002, and Sette 2004 surveys [Table 10]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Siciliano, D.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Gulko, D.; Aeby, G.; Kenyon, J.; Kenyon, J.; Potts, D. C. (2004). Pearl & Hermes Atoll coral data compiled from Rapture & Townsend Cromwell 2000 and 2002, American Islander 2001, and Sette 2003 surveys [Table 13]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; Kenyon, J.; Dana, T.; Aeby, G.; Siciliano, D.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Gulko, D.; Potts, D. C. (2004). Midway Atoll coral data compiled from Rapture 2000 and 2002, Townsend Cromwell 2002, US Fish and Wildlife Service 2000, and Sette 2003 surveys [Table 14]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Aeby, G.; Gulko, D.; Kenyon, J.; Siciliano, D.; Potts, D. C. (2004). Kure Atoll coral data compiled from Rapture and Townsend Cromwell 2000 and 2002, and Sette 2003 surveys [Table 15]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional source
Maragos, J. E. (2004). Baker Island coral data [Table unnumbered]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 2 [details]
additional source
Larson, K. S.; Larson, R. J. (1982). On the ecology of Isaurus duchassaingi (Andres) (Cnidaria: Zoanthidea) from South Water Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, 475-488 page(s): 487 [details]
additional source
Müller, G. (1883). Zur Morphologie der Scheidewände bei einigen Palythoa und Zoanthus. Marburg., pp. 44. page(s): 20-22 [details]
additional source
Schmidt, H. (1974). On evolution in the Anthozoa. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 533-560 page(s): 541, 543, 547 [details]
additional source
DeFelice, R.; Minton, D.; Godwin, L. S. (2002). Records of Shallow-Water Marine Invertebrates from French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, with a Note on Noningenous Species: Report to U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Bishop Museum. Honolulu, Hawaii., pp. 78. page(s): 26, 52 [details]
additional source
Studer, T. (1901). Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896-1897). Madreporarier von Samoa, den Sandwich-Inseln und Laysan. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, 14, 388 page(s): 425 [details]
additional source
Ono, S.; Reimer, J. D.; Tsukahara, J. (2005). Reproduction of Zoanthus sansibaricus in the infra-littoral zone at Taisho Lava Field, Sakurajima, Kagoshima, Japan. Zoological Science, 22, 247-255 page(s): 247, 254-255 [details]
additional source
Boscolo, H. K.; Silveira, F. L. (2005). Reproductive biology of Palythoa caribaeorum and Protopalythoa variabilis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) from the southeastern coast of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 65, 1, 29-41 page(s): 33, 38 [details]
additional source
Studer T. (1879). Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S.M.S. Gazelle um die Erde gesammelt wurden. <em>Monatsberichte der könglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.</em> 1878, 632-688. page(s): 681 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D.; Takishita, K.; Maruyama, T. (2006). Molecular identification of symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) from Palythoa spp. (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in Japan. Coral Reefs, 25, 521-527 page(s): 521, 522, 523, 525, 526 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D.; Ono, S.; Iwama, A.; Tsukahara, J.; Maruyama, T. (2006). High levels of morphological variation despite close genetic relatedness between Zoanthus aff. vietnamensis and Zoanthus kuroshio (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Zoological Science, 23, 755-761 page(s): 757, 758 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D.; Takishita, K.; Ono, S.; Maruyama, T. (2007). Diversity and evolution in the zoanthid genus Palythoa (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) based on nuclear ITS-rDNA. Coral Reefs, 26, 399-410 page(s): 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D. (2007). Preliminary survey of zooxanthellate zoanthid diversity (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from southern Shikoku, Japan. Kuroshio Biosphere: Bulletin of the Biological Institute of Kuroshio, 3, 1-16 page(s): 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, Pl. 6 [details]
additional source
Hirose, M.; Obuchi, M.; Hirose, E.; Reimer, J. D. (2011). Timing of spawning and early development of Palythoa tuberculosa (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Sphenopidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Biological Bulletin, 220(23-31): 23-31 page(s): 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 [details]
additional source
Reimer, J. D.; Hirose, M.; Irei, Y.; Obuchi, M.; Sinniger, F. (2011). The sands of time: rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand incrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids. Marine Biology, 158, 983-993 page(s): 986, 988, 989, 990 [details]
Nontype USNM 52606, geounit Maldives Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Nontype USNM 52607, geounit Maldives Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Nontype USNM 52608, geounit Maldives Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
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