Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862 page(s): 287 [details]
McFadden, C.S.; Cordeiro, R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; Williams, G.; van Ofwegen, L. (2025). World List of Octocorallia. Pennatuloidea Ehrenberg, 1834. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1609360 on 2025-07-17
original descriptionEhrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862 page(s): 287 [details]
Taxonomy
status sourceMcFadden, C.S.; van Ofwegen, L.P.; Quattrini, A.M. (2022). Revisionary systematics of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) guided by phylogenomics. <em>Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists.</em> 1(3), 8735, pp. 1-79., available online athttps://ssbbulletin.org/index.php/bssb/article/view/8735 page(s): 22 [details]
Identification resource
identification resourceWilliams, G.; Tracey, D.; Mackay, E. (2014). PENNATULACEA (SEA PENS) DESCRIPTIONS FOR THE NEW ZEALAND REGION. A field guide of commonly sampled New Zealand sea pens including illustrations highlighting technical terms and sea pen morphology. <em>New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report.</em> No. 132. 22 p., available online athttps://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4376-aebr-132-pennatulaces-sea-pens-descriptions-for-the-new-zealand-region note: Guide to NZ fauna: covering the following taxa:
Echinoptilum spp.
Kophobelemnon stelliferum
Anthoptilum grandiflorum
Anthoptilum gowlettholmesae
Funiculina quadrangularis
Distichoptilum grac...