Chinese Register of Marine Species - Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758

Chinese
Register of
Marine Species
(ChaRMS)

ChaRMS taxon details

Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758

Living coral thickets on Galway Mound, Porcupine Seabight

AphiaID

135209 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:135209)

Classification

Status

accepted

Rank

Species

Type taxon of

Madrepora Linnaeus, 1758

Parent

Madrepora Linnaeus, 1758

Original name

Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758

Environment

marine, ~~fresh~~, ~~terrestrial~~

Fossil range

recent only

Original description

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm]. [iii] + 824 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886 [details] Available for editors

Taxonomic citation

Hoeksema, B. W.; Cairns, S. (2025). World List of Scleractinia. Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2025) Chinese Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135209 on 2026-10-13

Regional species database citation

Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2026). Chinese Register of Marine Species. Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed at: https://marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=135209 on 2026-10-13

Taxonomic edit history

Date

action

2004-12-21 15:54:05Z

created

Hoeksema, Bert

2010-08-08 07:18:22Z

changed

Cairns, Stephen

2019-08-22 12:04:51Z

changed

Hoeksema, Bert

2022-06-05 15:00:04Z

changed

Hoeksema, Bert

[taxonomic tree] [clear cache]

original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm]. [iii] + 824 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886 [details] Available for editors

context source (Bermuda) Cairns, S.D. (2000). A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the western Atlantic. Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region. 75: 1-231. [details] Available for editors

context source (Deepsea) Cairns, Stephen (look up in IMIS) [details]

basis of record Cairns, S.D., Hoeksema, B.W., and J. van der Land, 2001. Scleractinia, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 109-110 (look up in IMIS) [details]

additional source Álvarez-Pérez, G.; Busquets, P.; De Mol, B.; Sandoval, N. G.; Canals, M.; Casamor, J. L. (2005). Deep-water coral occurrences in the Strait of Gibraltar. André Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts (eds.). Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 207-221, available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_10
page(s): 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217 [details]

additional source Best MB. (1969). Étude systématique et écologique des madréporaires de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrénées-Orientales). Vie et Milieu. 20, A, 2, 293-325.
page(s): 296, 297, 298-300, 319, 320 [details]

additional source Boshoff, P.H. (1981). An annotated checklist of Southern Africa Scleractinia. Oceanographic Research Institute Investigational Report, Durban. 49: 1-45.
page(s): 27 [details]

additional source Brito A, Ocaña O. (2004). Corals of the Canary Islands. Skeleton anthozoans of the littoral and deep bottoms. Francisco Lemus, La Laguna. 1-477 pp. [details]

additional source Cairns, S. D. (1991). A Revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 504; 44 pp., available online at https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.504 [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. & N.B. Keller. (1993). New taxa and distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the tropical south-west Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology. Annals of the South African Museum. 103(5): 213-292, 13 pls. [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (1977). A checklist of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Gulf of Mexico, with the description of a new species. Gulf Research Reports. 6 (1): 9-15., available online at https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol6/iss1/2/ [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (1984). New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands. Occasional Papers of the Bishop Musem. 25(10): 1-30. [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (1995). The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa. New Zealand Oceanographic Memoir. 103: 1-210. [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (1998). Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 18(4): 361-417. [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (1999). Cnidaria Anthozoa: Deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.) Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 20. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. 20(180): 31-167. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (2004). The azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum. 56(3): 259-329., available online at https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1434 [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D. (2009-2017). On line appendix: Phylogenetic list of the 711 valid Recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges, 28 pp. In: Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. [details]

additional source Cairns, S.D., B.W. Hoeksema & J. van der Land. (1999). Appendix: List of extant stony corals. Atoll Research Bulletin. 459: 13-46.
page(s): 35 [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D., L. Gershwin, F.J. Brook, P. Pugh, E.W. Dawson, O.V. Ocaña, W. Vervoort, G. Williams, J.E. Watson, D.M. Opresko, P. Schuchert, P.M. Hine, D.P. Gordon, H.I. Campbell, A.J. Wright, J.A.Sánchez & D.G. Fautin. (2009). Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. :59-101., available online at https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8431 [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D., V. Häussermann & G. Försterra. (2005). A review of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of Chile, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa. 1018: 15-46., available online at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1018.1.2
page(s): 16-17, 23 [details] Available for editors

additional source Cairns, S.D., W.C. Jaap & J.C. Lang. (2009). Scleractinia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder DL. Camp DK (eds.) Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. Pp. 333–347. [details] Available for editors

additional source Dawson EW. (1992). The Coelenterata of the New Zealand region: a handlist for curators, students and ecologists. Occasional papers of the Hutton Foundation, New Zealand. 1: 1-68.
page(s): 46 [details]

additional source den Hartog, J. C. (1980). Caribbean Shallow Water Corallimorpharia. Zoologische Verhandelingen, (176): 83 pp.
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additional source den Hartog, J. C.; Ocaña, O.; Brito, A. (1993). Corallimorpharia collected during the CANCAP expeditions (1976-1986) in the south-eastern part of the North Atlantic. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 282, 3-76
page(s): 67 [details] Available for editors

additional source Durham JW. (1947). Corals from the Gulf of California and the north Pacific Coast of America. Memoirs of the Geological Society of America. 20: 1-68., available online at https://doi.org/10.1130/mem20-p1
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additional source Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909 [details]

additional source Esper, E.J.C. (1791). Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen. Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. 1: 1-320., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50843132
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additional source Fosså, J. H.; Mortensen, P. B.; Furevik, D. M. (2002). The deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa in Norwegian waters: distribution and fishery impacts. Hydrobiologia, 471, 1-12, available online at https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016504430684
page(s): 1, 7 [details]

additional source Fosshagen, A.; HøisSter, T. (1992). The second Norwegian record of the deep-water coral, Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1848 (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). Sarsia, 77, 291-292, available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1992.10413514
page(s): 291, 292 [details]

additional source Frederiksen, R.; Jensen, A., Westerberg, H. (1992). The distribution of the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa around the Faroe Islands and the relation to internal tidal mixing. Sarsia, 77, 157-171, available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1992.10413502
page(s): 160, 161 [details]

additional source Gil, M.; Ramos, A.; Ramil, F. (2025). Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Mauritania. Marine Biology Research. 21 (6-7): 328-348., available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2025.2559835 [details] Available for editors

additional source Gmelin, J. F. (1791). Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae, ed. 13. Tome 1(6). Vermes. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 [details]

additional source Hall-Spencer, J.; Allain, V.; Fosså, J. H. (2002). Trawling damage to Northeast Atlantic ancient coral reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 269, 507-511, available online at https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1910
page(s): 507, 509, 510 [details]

additional source Houttuyn, M. (1772). Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving der dieren, planten en mineralen, volgens het samenstel van den heer Linnaeus met naauwkeurige afbeeldingen. F. Houttuyn, Amsterdam. 1 (17) 1-6, 1-614., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42598279 [details]

additional source Jensen, A. & R. Frederiksen, 1992. The fauna associated with the bank-forming deepwater coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on the Faroe shelf. Sarsia 77 1: 53-69., available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1992.10413492
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additional source Keller NB, Os'kina NS. (2008). Habitat temperature ranges of azooxantellate scleractinian corals in the World Ocean. Oceanology. 48 (1): 77-84., available online at https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001437008010098 [details]

additional source Kitahara MV, Cordeiro RTS, Barbosa RV, Pires D Sumida PYG. (2020). Brazilian Deep-Sea Corals. In: Sumida PYG, Bernardino AF, De Léo FC (eds) Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity. Brazilian Marine Biodiversity. Volume 3. Springer, Cham. pp. 73-107., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53222-2_4 [details]

additional source Kitahara MV. (2007). Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science. 81 (3): 497-518. [details]

additional source Kitahara, M.V., Cairns, S.D. (2021). Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. 215:1-722. [details] Available for editors

additional source Kitahara, M.V., J. Stolarski, S.D. Cairns, F. Benzoni, J.L. Stake & D.J. Miller. (2012). The first modern solitary Agariciidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia) revealed by molecular and microstructural analysis. Invertebrate Systematics. 26 (3): 303-315., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is11053
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additional source Kühlmann, D. H. H. (2006). Die Steinkorallensammlung im Naturhistorischen Museum in Rudolstadt (Thüringen) nebst ökologischen Bemerkungen. Rudolstädter Naturhistorische Schriften, 13, 37-113
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additional source Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale. 1 & 2. [The system of nature through the three kingdoms of nature: according to classes, orders, genera, species, with characters, differences, synonyms, places. Ed. 12. 1., Animal Kingdom. 1 & 2]. Holmiae [Stockholm], Laurentii Salvii. pp. 1-532 [1766] pp. 533-1327 [1767]., available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83650#5 [details]

additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). [Checklist of marine biota of China seas]. China Science Press. 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors

additional source Moissette, P.; Cornée, J.; Quillévéré, F.; Zibrowius, H.; Koskeridou, E.; López‐otálvaro, G. (2017). Pleistocene (Calabrian) deep‐water corals and associated biodiversity in the eastern Mediterranean (Karpathos Island, Greece). Journal of Quaternary Science. 32(7): 923-933., available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2966 [details] Available for editors

additional source Mortensen, P. B.; Hovland, M.; Brattegard, T.; Farestveit, R. (1995). Deep water bioherms of the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) at 64° N on the Norwegian shelf: structure and associated megafauna. Sarsia, 80, 145-158, available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1995.10413586
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additional source Müller, P. L. S. (1775). Des Ritters Carl von Linné (...) vollständiges Natursystem nach der zwölften lateinischen Ausgabe und nach Anleitung des holländischen Houttuynischen Werks mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung. Sechster Theil. Von den Corallen. Zweiter Band. Nebst neunzehn Kupfertafeln, Nürnberg, 15 + 641-960, pls. 20-37. [details]

additional source Pallas, P. S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. [List of zoophytes containing general outlines of genera and brief descriptions of known species, with selected synonyms of the authors.]. Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae. 451 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6019361
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additional source Pallas, P. S. (1787). Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen. Zweiter Theil. Raspiche Buchhandlung, Nürnberg. [details]

additional source Pax, F.; Müller, I. (1955). Gli Antozoi del Golfo di Trieste. Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Trieste, 20(6): 49-102
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additional source Pax, F.; Müller, I. (1962). Die Anthozoenfauna der Adria / Fauna antozoa Jadrana. Fauna et Flora Adriatica, 3, 1-343
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additional source Pires DE. (2007). The azooxanthellate coral fauna of Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science. 81:265-272. [details]

additional source Ramil Blanco, F.; Pulpeiro, E. F. (1990). Inventario de los antozoos de Galicia. A checklist of the Anthozoa from Galicia. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 86(1-4): 17-30
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additional source Randall RH. (2003). An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 35-36: 121-137.
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additional source Reed, J. K.; Pomponi, S. A.; Weaver, D. C.; Paull, C. K.; Wright, A. E. (2005). Deep-water sinkholes and bioherms of south Florida and the Pourtalès Terrace - habitat and fauna. Bulletin of Marine Science, 77(2): 267-296
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additional source Reed, J. K.; Weaver, D. C.; Pomponi, S. A. (2006). Habitat and fauna of deep-water Lophelia pertusa coral reefs off the southeastern U.S.: Blake Plateau, Straits of Florida, and Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 78, 2, 343-375
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additional source Reyes J, Santodomingo N, Flórez P. (2010). Corales Escleractinios de Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), Santa Marta, Colombia. pp 1-246. [details]

additional source Reyes-Bonilla, H. (2002). Checklist of valid names and synonyms of stony corals (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the eastern Pacific. Journal of Natural History. 36(1): 1-13., available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/713833841 [details]

additional source Reyss, D. (1973). Les canyons sous-marins de la mer Catalane, le Rech du Cap et le Rech Lacaze-Duthiers. IV. Etude synécologique des peuplements de macrofaune benthique. Vie et Milieu. 23(1B): 101-142.
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additional source Rogers, A. D. (1999). The biology of Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758) and other deep-water reef-forming corals and impacts from human activities. International Review of Hydrobiology, 84: 315-406, available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.199900032
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additional source Rossi L. (1957). Revisione critica dei Madreporarii del Mar Ligure. Doriana. 2 (76): 1-19, pls. 1-4.
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additional source Rossi L. (1958). Madreporarii raccolti dalla N.R.P. << Faial >> durante la campagna 1957, presso le coste del Portogallo (nota preliminare). Doriana. 2 (86): 1-8. [details]

additional source Rossi, L. (1961). Études sur le seuil Siculo -Tunisien. 6. Madréporaires. Campagne de la Calypso (août-septembre 1954). Annales de l'Institute Oceanographique, 5, 169-173
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additional source Rossi, L., 1958. Contributo allo studio della fauna di profondita' vivente presso la riviera Ligure di Levante. Doriana 2 92: 1-13.
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additional source Santodomingo, N.; Reyes, J.; Flórez, P.; Chacón-Gómez, I.C.; van Ofwegen, L.P.; Hoeksema, B.W. (2012). Diversity and distribution of azooxanthellate corals in the Colombian Caribbean. Marine Biodiversity. 43(1): 7-22., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-012-0131-6 [details]

additional source Schröder-Ritzrau, A.; Freiwald, A.; Mangini, A. (2005). U/Th-dating of deep-water corals from the eastern North Atlantic and the western Mediterranean Sea. André Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts (eds.). Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 157-172, available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_8
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additional source Schroeder, W. W.; Brooke, S.; Olson, J. B.; Phaneuf, B.; McDough III, J. J.; Etnoyer, P. (2005). Occurrence of deep-water Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata in the Gulf of Mexico. André Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts (eds.). Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 297-307, available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_14
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additional source Smith FGW. (1954). Gulf of Mexico Madreporaria. Fisheries Bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S.). 55, 291-295.
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additional source Squires, D. F. (1959). Deep sea corals collected by the Lamont Geological Observatory. 1 Atlantic corals. American Museum Novitates, 1965, 1-42
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additional source Tudhope, A. W.; Scoffin, T. P. (1995). Processes of sedimentation in Gollum Channel, Porcupine Seabight: submersible observations and sediment analyses. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86, Earth Sciences, 49-55, available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300002157
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additional source Vaughan TW. (1907). Recent Madreporaria of the Hawaiian Islands and Laysan. US National Museum Bulletin. 59 (9): 1-427., available online at https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/10230
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additional source Verrill A. E. (1901). Variations and nomenclature of Bermudian, West Indian and Brazilian reef corals, with notes on various Indo-Pacific corals. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 11: 63-168., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13464046
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additional source Wilson, J. B. (1979). The distribution of the coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) [L. prolifera (Pallas)] in the North-East Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59, 149-164, available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400046245
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additional source Zabala, M.; Maluquer, P.; Harmelin, J.-G. (1993). Epibiotic bryozoans on deep-water scleractinian corals from the Catalonia Slope (western Mediterranean, Spain, France). Scientia Marina. 57: 65-78.
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additional source Zibrowius, H. (1974). Scleractiniares des Iles Saint Paul et Amsterdam (sud de L'Ocean Indien). Tethys, 5(4): 747-778
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additional source Zibrowius, H. (1985). Scléractiniaires bathyaux et abyssaux de l'Atlantique nord-oriental: campagnes BIOGAS (POLGAS) et INCAL. L. Laubier and Cl. Monniot (eds.). IFREMER, chapter 18, pp. 311-324
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additional source Zibrowius, H.; Grieshaber, A. (1977). Scléractinaires de l'Adriatique. Tethys, 7, 4, 375-384
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additional source Zibrowius, H.; Saldanha, L. (1976). Sclératiniaires récoltés en plongée au Portugal et dans les archipels de Madère et des Açores. Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciencias Naturais, 16, 91-114
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additional source Zibrowius, H.; Taviani, M. (2005). Remarkable sessile fauna associated with deep coral and other calcareous substrates in the Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea. in Freiwald A, Roberts JM (eds), Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 807-819. , available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27673-4_42
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redescription Cairns, S.D. & H. Zibrowius. (1997). Cnidaria Anthozoa: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippine and Indonesian regions. in: Crosnier, A. et al. (Ed.) Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM 16. Campagne Franco-Indonésienne KARUBAR. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie. 172: 27-244. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors

redescription Cairns, S.D. (1979). The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands. 57:1-341. [details] Available for editors

redescription Cairns, S.D. (1982). Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia. Antarctic Research Series. 34: 1-74. [details] Available for editors

redescription Cairns, S.D. (1994). Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 557: 1-150., available online at https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.557.i [details] Available for editors

redescription Zibrowius H. (1980). Les scléractiniaires de la Méditerranée et de l'Atlantique nord-oriental. Mémoires de l'Institut océanographique, Monaco. 11: 1-284, pls. 1-117. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors

ecology source Roberts, J.M., A. Wheeler, A. Freiwald & S.D. Cairns. (2009). Cold-water corals: The biology and geology of deep-sea coral habitats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 324 pp., available online at https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511581588 [details] Available for editors