Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862 page(s): 287 [details]
McFadden, C.S.; Cordeiro, R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; Hoeksema, B.W., Williams, G.; van Ofwegen, L.P. (2026). World List of Octocorallia. Pennatuloidea Ehrenberg, 1834. Accessed through: Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2026) Chinese Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1609360 on 2026-08-02
Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2026). Chinese Register of Marine Species. Pennatuloidea Ehrenberg, 1834. Accessed at: https://marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1609360 on 2026-08-02
original descriptionEhrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862 page(s): 287 [details]
status sourceMcFadden, C.S.; van Ofwegen, L.P.; Quattrini, A.M. (2022). Revisionary systematics of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) guided by phylogenomics. <em>Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists.</em> 1(3), 8735, pp. 1-79., available online athttps://ssbbulletin.org/index.php/bssb/article/view/8735 page(s): 22 [details]
identification resourceWilliams, G.; Tracey, D.; Mackay, E. (2014). PENNATULACEA (SEA PENS) DESCRIPTIONS FOR THE NEW ZEALAND REGION. A field guide of commonly sampled New Zealand sea pens including illustrations highlighting technical terms and sea pen morphology. <em>New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report.</em> No. 132. 22 p., available online athttps://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4376-aebr-132-pennatulaces-sea-pens-descriptions-for-the-new-zealand-region note: Guide to NZ fauna: covering the following taxa:
Echinoptilum spp.
Kophobelemnon stelliferum
Anthoptilum grandiflorum
Anthoptilum gowlettholmesae
Funiculina quadrangularis
Distichoptilum grac...