Copepoda source details
Holynska, M. & G.A. Wyngaard. (2019). Towards a phylogeny of Cyclops (Copepoda): (in)congruences among morphology, molecules and zoogeography. Zoologica Scripta. 48(3):376-398.
343326
10.1111/zsc.12342 [view]
Holynska, M. & G.A. Wyngaard
2019
Towards a phylogeny of Cyclops (Copepoda): (in)congruences among morphology, molecules and zoogeography.
Zoologica Scripta
48(3):376-398.
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The phylogeny of Cyclops (~30 spp.), a predominantly Palearctic cold‐adapted genus, was reconstructed based on morphological and molecular characters. The morphological analysis used extensive taxon sampling from the entire Holarctic range of the genus and included 53 morphological characters. Polymorphic traits were coded by the “unordered,” “unscaled” and “scaled” methods; maximum parsimony criterion was applied in tree building. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions utilized partial nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal genes, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and complete internal transcribed spacer regions I and II, albeit with limited taxon sampling. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood were used in these tree reconstructions. The molecular characters were used both in combination with morphology and as an independent test of the basal relationships inferred from morphology. Monophyly of the genus received strong support in both the morphological and molecular phylogenies; the basal relationships remain unresolved. The morphologybased phylogenies, along with the geographic distribution patterns and ecological traits, supported monophyly of the ankyrae−ladakanus clade, scutifer‐clade (C. scutifer, C. jashnovi, C. columbianus), kolensis‐clade (C. kolensis, C. kikuchii, C. vicinus, C. furcifer, C. insignis, C. alaskaensis), abyssorum‐clade (C. abyssorum s. str., C. abyssorum larianus, C. ricae, C. sevani) and divergens‐clade (South Carpathian “Cyclops sp. Y,” C. mauritaniae, C. divergens, C. bohater, C. lacustris). Relationships among European and North American populations of C. scutifer and C. columbianus based on partial sequences of the 12S mitochondrial gene show C. scutifer to be paraphyletic, suggesting two independent invasions into North America via the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia to Alaska.
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Acartia (Acanthacartia) steueri Smirnov, 1936 (additional source)
Acartia (Odontacartia) amboinensis Carl, 1907 (additional source)
Acartia (Odontacartia) pacifica Steuer, 1915 (additional source)
Cyclops abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops abyssorum abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 (additional source)
Cyclops abyssorum bohemicus (Srámek-Husek, 1937) accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops abyssorum maiorus Lindberg, 1957 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops abyssorum praealpinus Kiefer, 1939 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops ankyrae Mann, 1940 accepted as Cyclops furcifer Claus, 1857 represented as Cyclops furcifer furcifer Claus, 1857 (additional source)
Cyclops bohemicus Srámek-Husek, 1937 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops canadensis Einsle, 1988 accepted as Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1950 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops columbianus Lindberg, 1956 (additional source)
Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops glacialis Brady, 1910 (additional source)
Cyclops gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 (new combination reference)
Cyclops heberti Einsle, 1996 accepted as Cyclops borealis Lindberg, 1956 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops kolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 represented as Cyclops kolensis kolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 (additional source)
Cyclops kolensis alaskaensis Lindberg, 1956 (additional source)
Cyclops ladakanus Kiefer, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops mongolensis Einsle, 1992 (additional source)
Cyclops ochridanus Kiefer, 1932 (additional source)
Cyclops rubens corsicana Lindberg, 1960 accepted as Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops rubens divulsus Lindberg, 1956 accepted as Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops scutifer Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops scutifer scutifer Sars G.O., 1863 (additional source)
Cyclops sevani Meshkova, 1947 accepted as Cyclops strenuus sevani Meshkova, 1947 (additional source)
Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1950 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops strenuus gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 accepted as Cyclops gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 (new combination reference)
Cyclops strenuus medianus Lindberg, 1949 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops abyssorum abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops strenuus praealpinus Kiefer, 1939 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Acartia (Odontacartia) amboinensis Carl, 1907 (additional source)
Acartia (Odontacartia) pacifica Steuer, 1915 (additional source)
Cyclops abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops abyssorum abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 (additional source)
Cyclops abyssorum bohemicus (Srámek-Husek, 1937) accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops abyssorum maiorus Lindberg, 1957 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops abyssorum praealpinus Kiefer, 1939 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops ankyrae Mann, 1940 accepted as Cyclops furcifer Claus, 1857 represented as Cyclops furcifer furcifer Claus, 1857 (additional source)
Cyclops bohemicus Srámek-Husek, 1937 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops canadensis Einsle, 1988 accepted as Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1950 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops columbianus Lindberg, 1956 (additional source)
Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops glacialis Brady, 1910 (additional source)
Cyclops gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 (new combination reference)
Cyclops heberti Einsle, 1996 accepted as Cyclops borealis Lindberg, 1956 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops kolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 represented as Cyclops kolensis kolensis Lilljeborg, 1901 (additional source)
Cyclops kolensis alaskaensis Lindberg, 1956 (additional source)
Cyclops ladakanus Kiefer, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops mongolensis Einsle, 1992 (additional source)
Cyclops ochridanus Kiefer, 1932 (additional source)
Cyclops rubens corsicana Lindberg, 1960 accepted as Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops rubens divulsus Lindberg, 1956 accepted as Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (additional source)
Cyclops scutifer Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops scutifer scutifer Sars G.O., 1863 (additional source)
Cyclops sevani Meshkova, 1947 accepted as Cyclops strenuus sevani Meshkova, 1947 (additional source)
Cyclops sibiricus Lindberg, 1950 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops strenuus gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 accepted as Cyclops gracilipes Sars G.O., 1903 (new combination reference)
Cyclops strenuus medianus Lindberg, 1949 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 represented as Cyclops abyssorum abyssorum Sars G.O., 1863 (source of synonymy)
Cyclops strenuus praealpinus Kiefer, 1939 accepted as Cyclops abyssorum larianus Stella, 1934 (source of synonymy)
Synonymy
C. canadensis Einsle, 1988 was listed as a junior synonym of C. sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 in recent Cyclops ... [details]
Synonymy
C. canadensis Einsle, 1988 was listed as a junior synonym of C. sibiricus Lindberg, 1949 in the Cyclops phylogeny ... [details]
Taxonomic remark
Note: The morphological differences between Cyclops abyssorum and Cyclops gracilipes, as well as the phylogeny of ... [details]