Property:Definition
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C
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation. +
Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition. +
Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention) +
Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention) +
An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals) +
Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures +
crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges. +
Where a canal, by joining two bodies of water which were not originally naturally joined, becomes a conduit for invasive species migration to a new area/region. +
Enlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969). +
A hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996). +
The surface or body part to which eggs are attached by the parent +
specialist - chaetognaths +
Common in OSPAR Region IV +
Common in OSPAR Region III +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005). +
Special feeding cell of sponges +
Swimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores. +
The subzone of the rocky sublittoral below that dominated by algae (the infralittoral), and dominated by animals. No lower limit is defined, but species composition changes below about 40m to 80m depth, depending on depth of the seasonal thermocline. This subzone can be subdivided into the upper circalittoral where foliose algae are present and the lower circalittoral where they are not (see Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to two étages of the sediment benthos below the infralittoral: a "coastal circalittoral category with a eurythermal environment of weak seasonal amplitude (less than 10°C) varying slowly" and a "circalittoral category of the open sea with a stenothermal environment" (Hiscock, 1996). +
Typically occurs below 50-70 metres away from the influence of wave action. Aphotic with animal communities in stable or stenothermal and stenohaline conditions. Open sea (Connor et al., 1997). +
1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996). +
Number of eggs laid at one time - in organisms that may lay eggs in one or more batches. +
1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996) +
Sediments composed of gravel and sand; inc. gravel, gravelly sand and sandy gravel (Long, 2006) +
Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposes +
Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
A species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here). +
Early larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with disc-shaped float, and consists of a hollow sphere with aboral thickening (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Cone with a half sphere (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006). +
Where the species preys on native fauna or grazes on native flora. +
Free swimming larval stage, typically with five sub-stages, characterized by excretion through maxillary glands, and progressive increase in number of body segments and posterior appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Deposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organisms +
An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. ''Carcinus''). +
A narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996) +
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. +
Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as ''Umbonula littoralis''. +
Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of ''Botryllus schlosseri'' or soft cushions of sponges such as ''Halichondria'' sp. +
Free-swimming spherical larva, composed of a simple gastrovascular system and short comb-rows; resembles typical adult ctenophore (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
With straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995). +
Free-swimming bryozoan larva, the body is triangular, compressed and enclosed in a bivalve shell (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Final lecithotrophic larval stage, characterized by bivalved carapace, compound eyes, prehensile antennules and thoraic appendages (cirri) (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
D
Where the species degrades marine infrastructures or archaeological sites. +
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. +
Min Value +
Where floating rafts of man-made materials become vectors for an invasive species. +
Living at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming (from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Description of an organism's relationship with other organisms +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Maximum to minimum recorded depth (expressed as metres below chart datum). +
The depth within the substratum at which the organism is found (max recorded in metres). +
Species detected in invasion pathways for example in ballast water, or as a hull-fouling organism. +
Species that have been recorded as present in the wild with no further information. +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere.
Note: For diameter you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. +
Description of dormant stage +
A life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Development without a larval stage +
Potential for dispersal provided by one or more larval/juvenile stages, recorded in m, km. +
The distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints. +
Fields and traits that describe the distribution of the species. +
Second free-swimming larvae (after the auricularia) in the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a series of flagellated rings around a barrel-shaped body (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992). +
A species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities. +
Double cone (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). +
seabird, cetaceans? +
E
Free-swimming larva of Echinoidea, distinguished by six pairs of arms, supported by skeletal rods (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Collection of traits relating to species ecology +
Traits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species. +
Traits that describe an physiological and environmental tolerance of an organism +
Parasitic on the outer surface of its host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Description of where fertilized eggs are placed or held +
Size (diameter) of macrogamete (egg or ovum) in µm, mm, cm. +
A marine inlet or harbour fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance, not normally open to the sea at two ends. The connection with the open sea is normally less restricted than is the case with lagoons (Hiscock, 1996). +
Forms or resembles a crust over a substratum or other organisms +
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. +
