Property:Definition
From MarineSpecies Introduced Traits Wiki
This is a property of type Text. It links to pages that use the form MstConcept.
P
In cases where pathway/vector is not specified/ cases of novel pathways/vectors. +
Unknown mechanisms of introduction were represented by a blank cell. +
One of the most important types of information in the practical approach to prevention and management of biological invasions is the identity of the pathways of introduction and details of vectors. These are necessary for the prevention of introduction of potentially invasive species and also for the containment of further spread of established invasions. Information on pathways and vectors of introduction of alien species has been recorded for the listed species where information was available. Descriptive terms describing pathways and vectors were standardized and listed as a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). +
A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment +
Pertaining to the water column. Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor (rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
The secondary free-swimming larva in Sipunculida, that develops from a non-feeding trochophore (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Brush like (Prescott ,1969). +
Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm +
composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates. +
An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Coastal geomorphology and physical features. +
Seabirds/wader +
Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells +
Free-swimming, helmet-shaped, larva of nemerteans (ribbon worms) with an apical tuft, apical sensory organs, oral lobes and oral ciliated band (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996). +
Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969). +
Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism +
Living in the fluid medium (water or air) but unable to maintain their position or distribution independently of the movement of the water/air mass (adapted from Lincoln <i>et al.</i>, 1998). +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
This refers to invasive plant species which are unintentionally introduced into a new area/region carried on or with the habitat material of some intentionally planted flora. +
This refers to plant species which are planted intentionally for some purpose resulting in the introduction of an invasive plant into a new area/region (e.g. for erosion control). +
A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Living permanently at the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air. +
Transfer of male gametophyte (pollen) to the 'female' part of a flower +
18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu) +
An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range. +
Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time. +
Species that are known to be present in their introduced range and are subject to some control option. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III +
A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979). +
A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979). +
Larval pycnogonid that bears three pairs of appendages, the chelicerae, palps and ovigerous legs (Ruppert & Barnes, 1996). +
Third larval stage in Decapoda, characterized by antennal locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate or silence the paternal genome +
An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc +
An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds) +
Q
Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro. +
Body size measured in numerical values. +
R
Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate. +
A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here). +
A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions). +
A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Species that have reported or recorded in error. +
Common in OSPAR Region II, III +
Where the movement of recreational equipment by humans results in the introduction of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. ''Sabellaria'') or its skeleton (e.g. corals). +
Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012. +
A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs +
Traits that describe how an organism reproduces or the mechanism by which reproduction is achieved. +
In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969). +
Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voe). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries. +
Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact. +
1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996). +
Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
S
The range of salinities in which the organism is recorded (scale taken from Reusser & Lee, 2011) +
A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Sands and sands with mud where sand is the major fraction (see Long 2006) +
30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006). +
An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Where research activities result in the unintentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
Where research activities result in the intentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
The habitat provided by the surface of frozen sea water floating on the surface. Sea ice may form thin sheets, fast moving pieces, pack ice or large icebergs. +
Glacially formed inlets (fjords, fjards) of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins. +
Common in OSPAR Region II +
This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the surface of a seaplane. +
Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish +
A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions. +
A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds +
A seasonal migration in order to reproduce. +
Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing +
Particulate solid matter accumulated by natural processes (Hiscock, 1996) +
Capable of self-fertilization +
Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
One generation every two years (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Hermaphrodite in which the male and female organs mature (that is produce gametes) at different times in the reproductive cycle (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (e.g. ''Caryophyllia''). +
1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes ''et al''. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes). +
Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds. +
This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the hull of a ship. +
This refers to invasive species which are associated with internal ship cargo. +
This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a fluid nature. +
This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a solid nature. +
This accounts for an invasive species which has been vectored by a ship but the exact mechanism of action (ie: ballast, hull or cargo) has been unidentified in the literature. +
A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
256 -512 mm; may be unstable. +
Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans). +
Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species. +
Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals +
Species that are reported as present but only 'sometimes'. +
Country or sea area which is the known source area of the introduced species or population. The source area could be the native range of the species or a known introduced range. +
A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism +
Region of the shore immediately above the highest levels of the water that is subject to wetting by splash from breaking waves (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
Reproduction via spores +
Region of the shore immediately above the splash zone that is subject to wetting by the spray from breaking waves (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase)
2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia)
Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia)
3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).
Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders) +
Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets). +
A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp) +
1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
The upper part of the sublittoral zone which is uncovered by the tide. On hard substrata, the zone is characterized by the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'' and ''Alaria esculenta''. The lower limit of this zone is marked by the upper limit of the truly sublittoral kelp ''Laminaria hyperborea'' (based on Lewis, 1964; Hiscock, 1996). +
An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship. +
Description of the substratum on or in which an organism is found or recorded. +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. ''Echinocardium cordatum'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods) +
An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota. +
Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. ''Corophium volutator'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001). +
An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. ''Gadus'', ''Loligo''). +
Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. ''Anemonia'' with zooxanthellae). +
An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
T
The measure of body size specific to a taxonomic group. +
Fish measurement is the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. (Wikipedia) +
An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. ''Actinia''). +
A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED). +
Independent but maintains a defined territory +
The horizontal movement of water associated with the meteorological, oceanographical and topographical factors. High water flow rates result in areas where water is forced through or over restrictions for example narrows or around protruding offshore rocks. Tidal streams are associated with the rise and fall of the tide where as currents are defined as residual flow after the tidal element is removed (Hiscock, 1996). +
1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase)
2) Total length (TL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body. (Wikipedia)
Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia)
3) Total length (TL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul> +
a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Free-swimming larva characterised by apicla tuft of cilia and a girdle of cilia around the midregion (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996). +
Cone with flattended top (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc). +
Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). They include the specialist carnivores and some deposit-feeding tubicolous polychaetes. +
Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state, to slight unbalance). These include suspension feeders, less selective carnivores and scavengers. +
Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic richment (slight unbalance situations). They are surface deposit-feeding species, as tubicolous spionids. +
Second-order opportunistic species (slight to pronounced unbalanced situations). Mainly small sized polychaetes: subsurface deposit-feeders, such as cirratulids. +
First-order opportunistic species (pronounced unbalanced situations). These are deposit- feeders, which proliferate in reduced sediments. +
Common in OSPAR Region IV +
U
Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch measured in tens or at most a few hundred metres. +
Habitat associated with the underside of boulders. +
The habitat formed by the underside of ice sheets at the interface of frozen ice and fluid seawater. +
Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon ''et al.'', 2005). +
One generation per year / annuals (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum'' although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996). +
The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Top of the littoral fringe, characterized by ''Verrucaria maura'' with ''Littorina saxatilis'' and ''Littorina neritoides'' often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). +
Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). +
V
Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc. +
Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present. +
The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae. +
Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea). +
Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida. +
Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors. +
1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds. +
Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window. +
>6 knots (>3 m/sec) +
1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Offspring are nurtured and protected by the adult +
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. +
W
Where the species alters water levels or causes nuisance fouling on boats/water structures. +
Defined via traits - but included as some authors do not specify level of wave exposure. +
Traits that describe the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded. +
Defined via traits below - included as some authors do not specify +
A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED)
Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. +
The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes. (FishBase) +
In birds (Aves) - "the distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched" (Wikipedia) or "wingtip to wingtip in flight" (BTO).
In winged insects (Insecta) - "may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax to the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body" (Wikipedia)
Note: For wingspan you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. +
Z
