https://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&feed=atom&action=historyRocky shore habitat - Revision history2024-03-28T20:44:02ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=78790&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:36, 14 March 20212021-03-14T20:36:53Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:36, 14 March 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l58" >Line 58:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most animals the metabolism accelerates at high temperatures and thus also the oxygen demand. However, in the intertidal area the animals can hardly absorb oxygen when the tide is low. One way of adaptation is regulation of the membrane fluidity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous_adaptation homeoviscous adaptation]). At high temperatures, the fluidity increases, the saturated fatty acids decrease and thus the rates of metabolism and respiration<ref>Somero, G.H. 2002. Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living. Integ. and Comp. Biol. 42: 780–789</ref>. The opposite happens at low temperatures. Another adaptation to harmful high ambient temperatures is the production of heat shock proteins ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein HSP]). These proteins, which protect important enzymes against heat damage, are produced by many intertidal molluscs such as mussels, limpets, top shells and periwinkles<ref>Feder, M. E. and Hofmann, G. E. 1999. Heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61: 243–282</ref><ref> Tomanek, L. and Somero, G. N. 2000. Time course and magnitude of synthesis of heat-shock proteins in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) from different tidal heights. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73: 249–256</ref>. Many intertidal animals can tolerate much greater temperature changes than their estuarine relatives. Possible adaptations are also light colors to reflect light or a large surface (ribbed shells) to dissipate heat.  However, when cooled by evaporation, desiccation can lead to problems<ref>McMahon, R.F. 1990. Thermal tolerance, evaporative water loss, air-water oxygen consumption and zonation of intertidal prosobranchs: a new synthesis. Hydrobiologia 193: 241–260</ref>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most animals the metabolism accelerates at high temperatures and thus also the oxygen demand. However, in the intertidal area the animals can hardly absorb oxygen when the tide is low. One way of adaptation is regulation of the membrane fluidity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous_adaptation homeoviscous adaptation]). At high temperatures, the fluidity increases, the saturated fatty acids decrease and thus the rates of metabolism and respiration<ref>Somero, G.H. 2002. Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living. Integ. and Comp. Biol. 42: 780–789</ref>. The opposite happens at low temperatures. Another adaptation to harmful high ambient temperatures is the production of heat shock proteins ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein HSP]). These proteins, which protect important enzymes against heat damage, are produced by many intertidal molluscs such as mussels, limpets, top shells and periwinkles<ref>Feder, M. E. and Hofmann, G. E. 1999. Heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61: 243–282</ref><ref> Tomanek, L. and Somero, G. N. 2000. Time course and magnitude of synthesis of heat-shock proteins in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) from different tidal heights. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73: 249–256</ref>. Many intertidal animals can tolerate much greater temperature changes than their estuarine relatives. Possible adaptations are also light colors to reflect light or a large surface (ribbed shells) to dissipate heat.  However, when cooled by evaporation, desiccation can lead to problems<ref>McMahon, R.F. 1990. Thermal tolerance, evaporative water loss, air-water oxygen consumption and zonation of intertidal prosobranchs: a new synthesis. Hydrobiologia 193: 241–260</ref>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the temperature is too low, the organisms must cope with physiological threats associated with cold stress. This can be the case in polar and temperate latitude coastal zones. The body fluids can then reach their freezing point and ice crystals develop. This causes damage to cell membranes and increase of the osmotic concentration of the nonfrozen fluid. Some organisms have developed antifreeze proteins (cryoprotectants). Increase of the concentration of [[Osmosis#Osmolyte|osmolytes] such as glycerol and sucrose in the body fluids increases the freezing tolerance<ref>Loomis, S.H. 1995. Freezing tolerance of marine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 33: 337-350</ref>. Another strategy is to control formation and spread of internal ice crystals. When the ice formation is intracellular, it is lethal but extracellular ice formation can be tolerated. Invertebrates found naturally in seawater of high salinity are more cold-tolerant than specimens inhabitating brackish waters. In molluscs, the cold tolerance can be increased by acclimating the animals to higher salinities. This is probably based on increased concentrations of intracellular solutes such as amino acids<ref>Aarset, A. V. 1982. Freezing tolerance in intertidal invertebrates - a review. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. A 73: 571–580</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the temperature is too low, the organisms must cope with physiological threats associated with cold stress. This can be the case in polar and temperate latitude coastal zones. The body fluids can then reach their freezing point and ice crystals develop. This causes damage to cell membranes and increase of the osmotic concentration of the nonfrozen fluid. Some organisms have developed antifreeze proteins (cryoprotectants). Increase of the concentration of [[Osmosis#Osmolyte|osmolytes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>] such as glycerol and sucrose in the body fluids increases the freezing tolerance<ref>Loomis, S.H. 1995. Freezing tolerance of marine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 33: 337-350</ref>. Another strategy is to control formation and spread of internal ice crystals. When the ice formation is intracellular, it is lethal but extracellular ice formation can be tolerated. Invertebrates found naturally in seawater of high salinity are more cold-tolerant than specimens inhabitating brackish waters. In molluscs, the cold tolerance can be increased by acclimating the animals to higher salinities. This is probably based on increased concentrations of intracellular solutes such as amino acids<ref>Aarset, A. V. 1982. Freezing tolerance in intertidal invertebrates - a review. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. A 73: 571–580</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mobile organisms can avoid extreme temperatures by migrating to more suitable places; this is also a response to other stresses associated with emersion.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mobile organisms can avoid extreme temperatures by migrating to more suitable places; this is also a response to other stresses associated with emersion.  </div></td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=78789&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:35, 14 March 20212021-03-14T20:35:11Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:35, 14 March 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l58" >Line 58:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most animals the metabolism accelerates at high temperatures and thus also the oxygen demand. However, in the intertidal area the animals can hardly absorb oxygen when the tide is low. One way of adaptation is regulation of the membrane fluidity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous_adaptation homeoviscous adaptation]). At high temperatures, the fluidity increases, the saturated fatty acids decrease and thus the rates of metabolism and respiration<ref>Somero, G.H. 2002. Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living. Integ. and Comp. Biol. 42: 780–789</ref>. The opposite happens at low temperatures. Another adaptation to harmful high ambient temperatures is the production of heat shock proteins ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein HSP]). These proteins, which protect important enzymes against heat damage, are produced by many intertidal molluscs such as mussels, limpets, top shells and periwinkles<ref>Feder, M. E. and Hofmann, G. E. 1999. Heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61: 243–282</ref><ref> Tomanek, L. and Somero, G. N. 2000. Time course and magnitude of synthesis of heat-shock proteins in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) from different tidal heights. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73: 249–256</ref>. Many intertidal animals can tolerate much greater temperature changes than their estuarine relatives. Possible adaptations are also light colors to reflect light or a large surface (ribbed shells) to dissipate heat.  However, when cooled by evaporation, desiccation can lead to problems<ref>McMahon, R.F. 1990. Thermal tolerance, evaporative water loss, air-water oxygen consumption and zonation of intertidal prosobranchs: a new synthesis. Hydrobiologia 193: 241–260</ref>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most animals the metabolism accelerates at high temperatures and thus also the oxygen demand. However, in the intertidal area the animals can hardly absorb oxygen when the tide is low. One way of adaptation is regulation of the membrane fluidity ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous_adaptation homeoviscous adaptation]). At high temperatures, the fluidity increases, the saturated fatty acids decrease and thus the rates of metabolism and respiration<ref>Somero, G.H. 2002. Thermal Physiology and Vertical Zonation of Intertidal Animals: Optima, Limits, and Costs of Living. Integ. and Comp. Biol. 42: 780–789</ref>. The opposite happens at low temperatures. Another adaptation to harmful high ambient temperatures is the production of heat shock proteins ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein HSP]). These proteins, which protect important enzymes against heat damage, are produced by many intertidal molluscs such as mussels, limpets, top shells and periwinkles<ref>Feder, M. E. and Hofmann, G. E. 1999. Heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: Evolutionary and ecological physiology. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61: 243–282</ref><ref> Tomanek, L. and Somero, G. N. 2000. Time course and magnitude of synthesis of heat-shock proteins in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) from different tidal heights. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 73: 249–256</ref>. Many intertidal animals can tolerate much greater temperature changes than their estuarine relatives. Possible adaptations are also light colors to reflect light or a large surface (ribbed shells) to dissipate heat.  However, when cooled by evaporation, desiccation can lead to problems<ref>McMahon, R.F. 1990. Thermal tolerance, evaporative water loss, air-water oxygen consumption and zonation of intertidal prosobranchs: a new synthesis. Hydrobiologia 193: 241–260</ref>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the temperature is too low, the organisms must cope with physiological threats associated with cold stress. This can be the case in polar and temperate latitude coastal zones. The body fluids can then reach their freezing point and ice crystals develop. This causes damage to cell membranes and increase of the osmotic concentration of the nonfrozen fluid. Some organisms have developed antifreeze proteins (cryoprotectants). Increase of the concentration of [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</del>Osmolyte osmolytes] such as glycerol and sucrose in the body fluids increases the freezing tolerance<ref>Loomis, S.H. 1995. Freezing tolerance of marine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 33: 337-350</ref>. Another strategy is to control formation and spread of internal ice crystals. When the ice formation is intracellular, it is lethal but extracellular ice formation can be tolerated. Invertebrates found naturally in seawater of high salinity are more cold-tolerant than specimens inhabitating brackish waters. In molluscs, the cold tolerance can be increased by acclimating the animals to higher salinities. This is probably based on increased concentrations of intracellular solutes such as amino acids<ref>Aarset, A. V. 1982. Freezing tolerance in intertidal invertebrates - a review. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. A 73: 571–580</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the temperature is too low, the organisms must cope with physiological threats associated with cold stress. This can be the case in polar and temperate latitude coastal zones. The body fluids can then reach their freezing point and ice crystals develop. This causes damage to cell membranes and increase of the osmotic concentration of the nonfrozen fluid. Some organisms have developed antifreeze proteins (cryoprotectants). Increase of the concentration of [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Osmosis#</ins>Osmolyte<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>osmolytes] such as glycerol and sucrose in the body fluids increases the freezing tolerance<ref>Loomis, S.H. 1995. Freezing tolerance of marine invertebrates. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 33: 337-350</ref>. Another strategy is to control formation and spread of internal ice crystals. When the ice formation is intracellular, it is lethal but extracellular ice formation can be tolerated. Invertebrates found naturally in seawater of high salinity are more cold-tolerant than specimens inhabitating brackish waters. In molluscs, the cold tolerance can be increased by acclimating the animals to higher salinities. This is probably based on increased concentrations of intracellular solutes such as amino acids<ref>Aarset, A. V. 1982. Freezing tolerance in intertidal invertebrates - a review. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. A 73: 571–580</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mobile organisms can avoid extreme temperatures by migrating to more suitable places; this is also a response to other stresses associated with emersion.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mobile organisms can avoid extreme temperatures by migrating to more suitable places; this is also a response to other stresses associated with emersion.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Salinity stress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Salinity stress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Intertidal zone organisms can be subjected to varying salinity, especially those living in pools that are not regularly refreshed with new seawater. Rain can cause the salinity to drop and evaporation can cause the salinity to rise. Changes in salinity change the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body tissues, causing them to swell or shrink. Organisms living in estuaries have adaptations to deal with this, such as adaptation of the cell membrane, salt storage in vacuoles or glands to secrete salt. However, most intertidal organisms are osmoconformers: they cannot control the salt content of their body. In some species (e.g., periwinkle), the salinity of their tissues is similar to that of normal seawater, which is the environment that they evolved in and are adapted to<ref>Taylor, P. M. and Andrew, E. B. 1988. Osmoregulation in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 122: 35-46</ref>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Osmoregulation is more generally provided </del>by organic [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</del>Osmolyte osmolytes] that keep intracellular fluids at the same pressure as the marine environment to avoid cell shrinkage or dilatation<ref>Yancey, P.H. 2005. Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses. J. Exp. Biol. 208: 2819–2830</ref>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Intertidal zone organisms can be subjected to varying salinity, especially those living in pools that are not regularly refreshed with new seawater. Rain can cause the salinity to drop and evaporation can cause the salinity to rise. Changes in salinity change the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body tissues, causing them to swell or shrink <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(see [[Osmosis]])</ins>. Organisms living in estuaries have adaptations to deal with this, such as adaptation of the cell membrane, salt storage in vacuoles or glands to secrete salt. However, most intertidal organisms are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Osmosis#Osmoconformers|</ins>osmoconformers<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>: they cannot control the salt content of their body. In some species (e.g., periwinkle), the salinity of their tissues is similar to that of normal seawater, which is the environment that they evolved in and are adapted to<ref>Taylor, P. M. and Andrew, E. B. 1988. Osmoregulation in the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 122: 35-46</ref>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Most intertidal organisms adapt to salinity variations </ins>by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">producing </ins>organic [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[Osmosis#</ins>Osmolyte<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins>osmolytes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>] that keep intracellular fluids at the same pressure as the marine environment to avoid cell shrinkage or dilatation<ref>Yancey, P.H. 2005. Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses. J. Exp. Biol. 208: 2819–2830</ref>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Predation===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Predation===</div></td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=78758&oldid=prevDronkers J at 16:24, 5 March 20212021-03-05T16:24:28Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=78758&oldid=77970">Show changes</a>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=77970&oldid=prevDronkers J at 09:00, 8 September 20202020-09-08T09:00:34Z<p></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the habitat of rocky shores. It is one of the habitat sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It gives an overview about the type of biota that lives there, the problems and adaptations the habitat is facing with and the importance of it in the marine environment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the habitat of rocky shores. It is one of the habitat sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It gives an overview about the type of biota that lives there, the problems and adaptations the habitat is facing with and the importance of it in the marine environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 13:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky cliffs, platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky cliffs, platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Middle tide zone or mid-littoral zone'''. This is a [[currents and turbulence by acoustic methods|turbulent]] zone that is (un)covered twice a day. The zone extends from the upper limit of the barnacles to the lower limit of large brown algae (e.g. ''Laminariales'', ''Fucoidales''). Common organisms are snails, sponges, sea stars, barnacles, mussels, sea palms, crabs,...  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Middle tide zone or mid-littoral zone'''. This is a [[currents and turbulence by acoustic methods|turbulent]] zone that is (un)covered twice a day. The zone extends from the upper limit of the barnacles to the lower limit of large brown algae (e.g. ''Laminariales'', ''Fucoidales''). Common organisms are snails, sponges, sea stars, barnacles, mussels, sea palms, crabs,...  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Low intertidal zone or lower littoral zone'''. This region is usually covered with water. It is only uncovered when the tide is extremely low. In contrast to the other zones, the organisms are not well adapted to long periods of dryness or to extreme temperatures. The common organisms in this region are brown seaweed, crabs, hydroids, mussels, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea urchins, shrimps, snails, tube worms,…</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Low intertidal zone or lower littoral zone'''. This region is usually covered with water. It is only uncovered when the tide is extremely low. In contrast to the other zones, the organisms are not well adapted to long periods of dryness or to extreme temperatures. The common organisms in this region are brown seaweed, crabs, hydroids, mussels, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea urchins, shrimps, snails, tube worms,…</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l136" >Line 136:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Stabilization''' inshore sediment</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Stabilization''' inshore sediment</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Appendix Habitat classification of sea cliffs==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the habitat classification used by the European Union <ref>European Commission, 2007. ''Interpretation Manual of European Habitats. Natura 2000''. European Commission, DG Environment, Nature and Biodiversity, Brussels. Source: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/docs/2007_07_im.pdf.</ref> there are four cliff types defined by the vegetation and their geographical location all considered to be composed of 'Hard' rock: </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs - Atlantic & Baltic, PAL.CLASS.: 18.21</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 1240 Vegetated sea cliffs - Mediterranean with endemic ''Limonium'' spp., PAL.CLASS.: 18.22</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of the Macaronesian coasts, PAL.CLASS.: 18.23 and 18.24</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* 4040 * Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with ''Erica vagans'', PAL.CLASS.: 31.234</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'Soft' rock sea cliffs are not classified although they can be considered to be included in 1230 above.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Related articles==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:[[Rocky shore morphology]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=75679&oldid=prevDronkers J at 08:59, 5 August 20192019-08-05T08:59:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Marine </del>habitats <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and ecosystems</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coastal and marine </ins>habitats]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Coastal and marine ecosystems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Coastal and marine ecosystems]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=75257&oldid=prevDronkers J at 21:06, 28 July 20192019-07-28T21:06:54Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:06, 28 July 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>cliffs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and islets|cliffs]]</del>, platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky cliffs, platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=75194&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:11, 22 July 20192019-07-22T20:11:47Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:11, 22 July 2019</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|AuthorName=Ktopke}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|AuthorName=Ktopke}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Rocky shorelines]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category: Coastal and marine natural environment]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Marine habitats and ecosystems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Marine habitats and ecosystems]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Typology of coastal </del>and marine <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">areas]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coastal </ins>and marine <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ecosystems</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Location of coastal and marine areas]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Theme 7</del>]]</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=73345&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:28, 16 April 20182018-04-16T19:28:22Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:28, 16 April 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3" >Line 3:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[image:Costa Vicentina.jpg|left|thumb|400px|caption|Rocky shore of the Costa Vicentina <ref>http://www.marbef.org – Sprung M.</ref>]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky [[cliffs and islets|cliffs]], platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky [[cliffs and islets|cliffs]], platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]].   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[image:Costa Vicentina.jpg|left|thumb|400px|caption|Rocky shore of the Costa Vicentina <ref>http://www.marbef.org – Sprung M.</ref>]]{{clear}}</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Zonation==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Zonation==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[image:Intertide zonation.jpg|right|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">130px</del>|caption|Intertidal zonation: at low tide, the 3 typical intertidal zones can be seen <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone</ref>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[image:Intertide zonation.jpg|right|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">250px</ins>|caption|Intertidal zonation: at low tide, the 3 typical intertidal zones can be seen <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[intertidal]] zone can be divided in three zones:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[intertidal]] zone can be divided in three zones:</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[image:Tide pool.jpg|left|thumb|450px|caption|Tidal pool in Santa Cruz <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool</ref>]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Tidal pools''' are rocky pools in the [[intertidal]] zone that are filled with seawater. They are formed by abrasion and weathering of less resistant rock and scouring of fractures and joints in the shore platform. This leaves holes or depressions in  where seawater can be collected at high tide. They can be small and shallow or deep. The smallest ones are usually found at the high [[intertidal]] zone, whereas the bigger ones are found in the lower intertidal zone. When the tide retreats, the pool becomes isolated. Because of the regular tides, the pool is not stagnant and new water regularly enters the pool. This is necessary to avoid temperature stress, [[salinity]] stress, nutrient stress,…</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Tidal pools''' are rocky pools in the [[intertidal]] zone that are filled with seawater. They are formed by abrasion and weathering of less resistant rock and scouring of fractures and joints in the shore platform. This leaves holes or depressions in  where seawater can be collected at high tide. They can be small and shallow or deep. The smallest ones are usually found at the high [[intertidal]] zone, whereas the bigger ones are found in the lower intertidal zone. When the tide retreats, the pool becomes isolated. Because of the regular tides, the pool is not stagnant and new water regularly enters the pool. This is necessary to avoid temperature stress, [[salinity]] stress, nutrient stress,…</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pools that are located higher on the beach are not regularly renewed by tides. These pools are basically freshwater or brackish water communities. It has different characteristics in comparison with other coastal habitats. Several taxa are more abundant in pools than the surrounding environment. These taxa are members of the algae and gastropods. There is also a difference between high and low located pools for the composition. In low located pools, whelks, mussels, sea urchins and ''Littorina littorea'' are common. Periwinkles and ''Littorina rudis'' are found in high located pools. Other organisms that are commonly found in pools are flatworms, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, ostracods, barnacles, amphipods, isopods, chironomid larvae and oligochaetes. Vertical [[zonation]] also has been documented in tidal pools.<ref>Knox G.A. 2001. The ecology of seashores. CRC Press LLC. p. 557</ref>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pools that are located higher on the beach are not regularly renewed by tides. These pools are basically freshwater or brackish water communities. It has different characteristics in comparison with other coastal habitats. Several taxa are more abundant in pools than the surrounding environment. These taxa are members of the algae and gastropods. There is also a difference between high and low located pools for the composition. In low located pools, whelks, mussels, sea urchins and ''Littorina littorea'' are common. Periwinkles and ''Littorina rudis'' are found in high located pools. Other organisms that are commonly found in pools are flatworms, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, ostracods, barnacles, amphipods, isopods, chironomid larvae and oligochaetes. Vertical [[zonation]] also has been documented in tidal pools.<ref>Knox G.A. 2001. The ecology of seashores. CRC Press LLC. p. 557</ref>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[image:Tide pool.jpg|center|thumb|350px|caption|Tidal pool in Santa Cruz <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool</ref>]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.marinespecies.org/i/index.php?title=Rocky_shore_habitat&diff=71286&oldid=prevDronkers J: Created page with "This article describes the habitat of rocky shores. It is one of the habitat sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of marine habitats and ecosystems...."2015-11-26T11:02:27Z<p>Created page with "This article describes the habitat of rocky shores. It is one of the habitat sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of <a href="/introduced/wiki/Marine_habitats_and_ecosystems" title="Marine habitats and ecosystems">marine habitats and ecosystems</a>...."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>This article describes the habitat of rocky shores. It is one of the habitat sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It gives an overview about the type of biota that lives there, the problems and adaptations the habitat is facing with and the importance of it in the marine environment.<br />
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==Introduction==<br />
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A rocky shore is an [[intertidal]] area that consists of solid rocks. It is often a biologically rich environment and can include many different habitat types like steep rocky [[cliffs and islets|cliffs]], platforms, rock pools and boulder fields. Because of the continuously action of the [[tide|tides]], it is characterized by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore morphology]]. <br />
Organisms that live in this area experience daily fluctuations in their environment. For this reason, they must be able to tolerate extreme changes in temperature, [[salinity]], moisture and wave action to survive. <br />
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[[image:Costa Vicentina.jpg|left|thumb|400px|caption|Rocky shore of the Costa Vicentina <ref>http://www.marbef.org – Sprung M.</ref>]]{{clear}}<br />
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==Zonation==<br />
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Each region on the coast has a specific group of organisms that form distinct horizontal bands or zones on the rocks. The appearance of dominant species in these zones is called vertical [[zonation]]. It is a nearly universal feature of the intertidal zone. <br />
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===Supratidal zone===<br />
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When the tide retreats, the upper regions become exposed to air. The organisms that live in this region are facing problems like gas exchange, desiccation, temperature changes and feeding. This upper region is called the '''supratidal or''' [[littoral|'''splash zone''']]. It is only covered during storms and extremely high tides and is moistened by the spray of the breaking waves. Organisms are exposed to the drying heat of the sun in the summer and to extreme low temperatures in the winter. Because of these severe conditions, only a few resistant organisms live here. <br />
Common organisms are lichens. They are composed of fungi and microscopic [[algae]] living together and sharing food and energy to grow. The fungi trap moisture for both themselves and their algal symbiont. The algae on the other hand produce [[nutrients]] by [[photosynthesis]]. Green algae and cyanobacteria can also be found on the rocks of the North Atlantic coasts. They are capable of surviving on the moisture of the sea spray from waves. During the winter, they are found lower on the intertidal rocks. The algae growing higher on the rocks gradually die when the air temperature changes. At the lower edge of the splash zone, rough snails (periwinkles) graze on various types of algae. These snails are well adapted to life out of the water by trapping water in their mantle cavity or hiding in cracks of rocks. Other common animals are isopods, barnacles, limpets,… <br />
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===Intertidal zone===<br />
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The '''intertidal zone or littoral zone''' is the shoreward fringe of the sea bed between the highest and lowest limit of the tides. The upper limit is often controlled by physiological limits on species tolerance of temperature and drying. The lower limit is often determined by the presence of predators or competing species. Because the [[intertidal]] zone is a transition zone between the land and the sea, it causes heat stress, desiccation, oxygen depletion and reduced opportunities for feeding. <br />
At low tide, marine organisms face both heat stress and desiccation stress. The degree of this water loss and heating is determined by the body size and body shape. When body size increases, the surface area decreases so the water loss is reduced. Shape has a similar effect. Long and thin organisms dry up much faster than spherical organisms. [[Intertidal]] organisms can avoid overheating by evaporative cooling combined with circulation of body fluids. Higher-[[intertidal]] organisms are better adapted to desiccation than lower-[[intertidal]] organisms, because they encounter more hours of sun.<br />
The organisms are exposed directly to the air or they are enclosed in burrows. This results in oxygen depletion, so they can’t get rid of their metabolic waste. A solution for this problem is to reduce the metabolic rate. <br />
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[[image:Intertide zonation.jpg|right|thumb|130px|caption|Intertidal zonation: at low tide, the 3 typical intertidal zones can be seen <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone</ref>]]<br />
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The [[intertidal]] zone can be divided in three zones:<br />
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* '''High tide zone or high intertidal zone'''. This region is only flooded during high tides. Organisms that you can find here are anemones, barnacles, chitons, crabs, isopods, mussels, sea stars, snails,... <br />
* '''Middle tide zone or mid-littoral zone'''. This is a [[currents and turbulence by acoustic methods|turbulent]] zone that is (un)covered twice a day. The zone extends from the upper limit of the barnacles to the lower limit of large brown algae (e.g. ''Laminariales'', ''Fucoidales''). Common organisms are snails, sponges, sea stars, barnacles, mussels, sea palms, crabs,... <br />
* '''Low intertidal zone or lower littoral zone'''. This region is usually covered with water. It is only uncovered when the tide is extremely low. In contrast to the other zones, the organisms are not well adapted to long periods of dryness or to extreme temperatures. The common organisms in this region are brown seaweed, crabs, hydroids, mussels, sea cucumber, sea lettuce, sea urchins, shrimps, snails, tube worms,…<br />
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'''Tidal pools''' are rocky pools in the [[intertidal]] zone that are filled with seawater. They are formed by abrasion and weathering of less resistant rock and scouring of fractures and joints in the shore platform. This leaves holes or depressions in where seawater can be collected at high tide. They can be small and shallow or deep. The smallest ones are usually found at the high [[intertidal]] zone, whereas the bigger ones are found in the lower intertidal zone. When the tide retreats, the pool becomes isolated. Because of the regular tides, the pool is not stagnant and new water regularly enters the pool. This is necessary to avoid temperature stress, [[salinity]] stress, nutrient stress,…<br />
Pools that are located higher on the beach are not regularly renewed by tides. These pools are basically freshwater or brackish water communities. It has different characteristics in comparison with other coastal habitats. Several taxa are more abundant in pools than the surrounding environment. These taxa are members of the algae and gastropods. There is also a difference between high and low located pools for the composition. In low located pools, whelks, mussels, sea urchins and ''Littorina littorea'' are common. Periwinkles and ''Littorina rudis'' are found in high located pools. Other organisms that are commonly found in pools are flatworms, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, ostracods, barnacles, amphipods, isopods, chironomid larvae and oligochaetes. Vertical [[zonation]] also has been documented in tidal pools.<ref>Knox G.A. 2001. The ecology of seashores. CRC Press LLC. p. 557</ref> <br />
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[[image:Tide pool.jpg|center|thumb|350px|caption|Tidal pool in Santa Cruz <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool</ref>]]<br />
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===Subtidal zone===<br />
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The '''subtidal zone or sublittoral zone''' is the region below the [[intertidal]] zone and is continuously covered by water. This zone is much more stable than the [[intertidal]] zone. Temperature, water pressure and sunlight radiation remain nearly constant. Organisms do not dry out as often as organisms higher on the beach. They grow much faster and are better in competition for the same [[niche]]. More essential [[nutrient]]s are acquired from the water and they are buffered from extreme changes in temperature. <ref>Karleskint G. 1998. Introduction to marine biology. Harcourt Brace & Company. p.378</ref> <ref>Levinton J.S. 1995. Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford university press. p.420</ref><br />
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==Problems and adaptations==<br />
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In this section, the problems and the adaptations are discussed. The continuously changing environment makes that organisms have to be tolerant for these changes.<br />
Adaptations are a solution for these problems and are necessary to survive. <br />
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===Air===<br />
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[[Intertidal]] organisms are regularly exposed to air and water. Air differs physically from seawater in diverse and important features. This influences the ability to exchange gas and their overall thermal balance with the surrounding environment. Under water, organisms are generally buoyant, because of their lower density. In air, gravity induces retraction of tentacles and other feeding organs. It also makes the body less resistant. For this reason, organisms need '''supporting structures''' when they are exposed to air. '''Attachment''' and '''body changes''' are also required. <br />
When exposed to the air, organisms directly absorb solar radiation. The buffering capacity of water, because of the high rate of heat conductivity, disappears and the body temperature increases. In contrast to this, heat loss is much lower in air than in water. <br />
An adaptation to heating is the vaporization of internal water reserves. <br />
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===Light===<br />
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Sunlight is another parameter that influences the organisms. When there is too much sunlight, organisms dry out and the capacity to capture light energy can be weakened. The light that is not used or dissipated can cause damage to subcellular structures.<br />
Too little sunlight reduces the growth and reproduction of the organism, because [[photosynthesis]] is reduced. Algae can avoid absorbing too much light by changing the complement or amount of pigments they produce. They also can rearrange the pigmented organelles within their cells. When free radicals are produced from an excess of light, they can be scavenged and deactivated. <br />
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===Temperature===<br />
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The [[intertidal]] zone can experience extreme temperature changes. The organisms in this zone must be resistant to these changes to survive. Most of the marine organisms are '''ectothermic''' and need the warmth from the environment to survive.<br />
When the organisms are submerged, they are buffered against temperature changes, because the water is isothermal. When the organisms become exposed to the air, they can experience cool or warm temperatures. When the temperature is too low, the organisms must cope with physiological threats associated with '''cold stress'''. This can be the case in polar and temperate latitude coastal zones. The body fluids can then reach their freezing point and ice crystals develop. This causes damage to cell membranes and increasing the osmotic concentration of the remaining fluids. To avoid this cold stress, organisms can migrate to habitats that are more suitable. This can be a problem for sessile organisms. They can develop physiological and behavioral adaptations such as gaping shells (mussels). Some organisms have developed antifreeze proteins. Increasing the concentration of small osmolytes such as glycerol in the body fluids can decrease the freezing point. Another strategy is to control ice crystal formation. Organisms can control the speed and the exact location of the ice crystals. When the ice formation is intracellular, it is lethal but extracellular ice formation can be tolerated. <br />
When the temperature is too high, '''heat stress''' appears. Heat stress accelerates rates of metabolic processes. This can be avoided by evaporative cooling combined with circulation of body fluids. <br />
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===Salinity stress===<br />
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[[Salinity]] stress can occur in the external medium and in surface films. The concentration of the fluids determines whether or not the organism will lose water. When the osmolality of the cell is lower than the surrounding medium, the cell loses water from the internal fluids to the environment ('''hyperosmotic stress'''). When the intracellular osmolality is higher than the environment, there is an influx of water into the cell from the environment ('''hypoosmotic stress'''). Multicellular organisms respond to this [[salinity]] stress by compartmentalization. This buffers the cells from sharp changes in the osmotic environment. When the tissue has an immediate contact with the external medium, a solution can be to regulate intercellular osmotic pressure by actively excreting salts or water. Another solution is to change the internal osmolality. This can be done by incorporating ions or compatible solutes in the internal fluids.<br />
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===Desiccation stress===<br />
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Organisms are threatened by desiccation during emersion at low tides or when they are positioned in the high intertidal zones. '''Deshydratation''' due to evaporative water loss is the most common mechanism. Highly mobile organisms can avoid the desiccation by '''migrating''' to a region that is more suitable. Less mobile organisms restrict various activities ('''reduced metabolism''') and attach more firmly to the substrate. Physiological features to tolerate water loss are desiccation-resistant egg cases, reduction in water permeability of membranes, accumulation of metabolic end products, reduction of metabolic and developmental rates, maintenance of intracellular osmolytes and gene expression for production of protective macromolecules. <br />
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===Predation===<br />
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A wide variety of strategies to escape from predation exists. The first strategy is '''calcification'''. It makes it more difficult for the predator to eat these organisms. This strategy is applied by algae. It makes them tougher and less nutritious. A second one is the production of '''chemicals''', usually produced as secondary metabolites. These chemicals can be produced all the time such as toxins, but other chemicals are only produced in response to stimuli (inducible defence). Another way to avoid predation is to have two distinct anatomical forms within one life cycle. This can be e.g. an alternation between a crusty form when the predator is present and a more delicate form (e.g. blade) when the predator is absent. Also the shape of the body can be a distinct evolutionary advantage. <br />
'''Bioluminescence''' is another strategy to avoid predators. Many [[intertidal]] and [[subtidal]] predators visually forage. The light is used for warning, blinding, making scare, misleading or attracting the predator. A commonly used form of protection against predation is '''camouflage'''. This can be visually or chemically. Visual camouflage means that the prey becomes invisible to the predator by using the same colors as the environment. Chemical camouflage is the passive adsorption of chemicals. The predator does not smell the prey anymore, because the smell is masked. <br />
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===Wave action===<br />
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One way to protect organisms from waves is permanent '''attachment'''. But this strategy cannot be used by organisms that have to move to feed themselves. These organisms have to make a compromise between mobility and attachment. Another way to be protected is to burrow themselves into the sediment. But an alternative is to seek protected habitats. <br />
Attachment can be done by different structures. Bivalves usually use threads (byssal threads) to attach to rocky surfaces or to other organisms. But it can also be done by a foot. Another one is '''cementation'''. This is the case for bivalves such as oysters, scallops and some other forms. They lay on their side, with the lower valve cemented firmly to the bottom. This can be combined by reduction or enlargement of certain muscles. <ref>Denny M.W. Gaines S.D. 2007. Encyclopedia of tidepools & rocky shores. University of California Press. p. 705</ref> <ref>Levinton J.S. 1995. Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford University Press. p. 420</ref><br />
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==Why are rocky shores important?==<br />
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* Providing a '''home''' for a lot of organisms<br />
* '''Nursery''' area for many fish and crustacean species<br />
* '''Shelter''' in areas where seaweeds break the waves power<br />
* Providing '''food''' for fishes<br />
* Algal beds important food source for rare and threatened species like sea turtles<br />
* Feeding ground at low [[tide]] for wading birds<br />
* '''Stabilization''' inshore sediment<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{author<br />
|AuthorID=16323<br />
|AuthorFullName=TÖPKE, Katrien<br />
|AuthorName=Ktopke}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rocky shorelines]]<br />
[[Category: Coastal and marine natural environment]]<br />
[[Category:Marine habitats and ecosystems]]<br />
[[Category:Typology of coastal and marine areas]]<br />
[[Category:Location of coastal and marine areas]]<br />
[[Category:Theme 7]]</div>Dronkers J