References

The following list contains references to facilitate quick access to specific topics about Kinorhyncha

Original name

  • Reinhard, W. (1885) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), leur structure anatomique et leur place dans le système. Travaux de la Société des Naturalistes à l'Université Impériale de Kharkow. 19: 205–305, pls. VIII-XII. [in Russian].
  • Reinhard, W. (1887) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), ihr anatomischer Bau und ihre Stellung im System. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 45, 401–467, pls. XX-XXII.

Basis of database

  • Neuhaus, B. & van der Land, J. (2001) Cephalorhyncha (= Loricifera, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Nematomorpha). pp. 159–160 in Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50.
  • van der Land, J. (ed.) (2008) UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO). , available online at https://www.marinespecies.org/urmo/

Fossil record of species related to the stemlineage of Kinorhyncha

  • Shao, T.Q., Wang, Q., Liu, Y.H., Qin, J.C., Zhang, Y.N., Liu, M.J., Shao, Y., Zhao, J.Y. & Zhang, H.Q. (2020) A new scalidophoran animal from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of south China and its implications for the origin and early evolution of Kinorhyncha. Precambrian Research, 349, 105616, 1–9.
    • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105616
  • Zhang, H., Xiao, S., Liu, Y., Yuan, X., Wan, B., Muscente, A.D., Shao, T. Gong, H. & Cao, G. (2015) Armored kinorhynch-like scalidophoran animals from the early Cambrian. Scientific Reports, 5, 16521, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16521

Reviews

  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1999) Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. 1–328. [in Russian and English].
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1999) 7. Kinorhyncha. pp. 193–211 in Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds.)
  • Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol. IX, Part A: Progress in male gamete ultrastructure and phylogeny. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • de Beauchamp, P. (1965) Classe des kinorhynques. Echinodères (Dujardin 1851)—Kinorhyncha (Reinhard 1887). pp. 1407–1419 in Grassé, P.-P. (ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, systématique, biologie, Vol. IV Némathelminthes (nématodes, gordiacés, rotifères, gastrotriches, kinorhynques), fascicule 3, Masson et Cie Éditeurs Libraires de l'Académie de Médecine, Paris.
  • Higgins, R.P. (1974) Chapter 11. Kinorhyncha. pp. 507–518 in Giese, A.C. & Pearce, J.S. (eds.) Reproduction of marine invertebrates. Vol. I Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-282501-9.50016-8
  • Kristensen, R.M. & Higgins, R.P. (1991) Chapter 10. Kinorhyncha. pp. 377–404 in Harrison, F.W. & Ruppert, E.E. (eds.) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, Vol. 4: Aschelminthes. Wiley-Liss, New York.
  • Needham, A.E. (1989) 10. Kinorhyncha. pp. 207–217 in Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds.) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol IV, Part A: Fertilization, development, and parental care. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Neuhaus, B. (1999) Kinorhyncha. pp. 933-937 in Knobil, E. & Neill, J. D. (eds), Encyclopedia of reproduction, Vol 2, Academic P ress, New York.
  • Neuhaus, B. (2013) 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). pp. 181–348 in Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272536.181
  • Neuhaus, B. & Higgins, R.P. (2002) Ultrastructure, biology, and phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.619
  • Nyholm, K.-G. & Nyholm, P.-G. (1983) 11. Kinorhyncha. pp. 207–220 in Adiyodi, K.G. & Adiyodi, R.G. (eds.) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, Vol. II: Spermatogenesis and sperm function. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
  • Remane, A. (1929). Dritte Klasse des Cladus Nemathelminthes. Kinorhyncha = Echinodera. Handbuch der Zoologie. Band 2, Lieferung 6, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 187–248.
  • Remane, A. (1936) Aschelminthes. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). pp. 243–372 and Appendix pp. 373–385 in Remane, A., Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs.
  • Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig. 4. Band: Vermes, II. Abteilung: Aschelminthes, Trochelminthes, 1. Buch, 2.Teil: Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha.
  • Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera.Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig,1–396, plates I-XXVII.

Phylogeny and classification

  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1995a) Comparative-morphological analysis of the organization of cephalorhynch worms, the phylogeny and taxonomy of the phylum Cephalorhyncha. 1. Architectonics, external morphology and symmetry. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 74, 34–48. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1995b) Synopsis of the system of the phylum Cephalorhyncha. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 21(2), 89–96.
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1995c) The phylogeny and classification of the phylum Cephalorhyncha. Zoosystematica Rossica, 3(2), 181–201. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1996) The phylogeny and classification of the class Kinorhyncha. Zoosystematica Rossica, 4(1), 23–44.
  • Adrianov, A. V.; Malakhov, V. V. (1999) Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. 1–328. [in Russian and English].
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1994) Kinorhyncha: Structure, development, phylogeny and taxonomy. Nauka Publishing, Moscow, 1–262. [in Russian].
  • Chitwood, B.G. (1959) The classification of the phylum Kinorhyncha (Reinhard, 1887) Pearse, 1936. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Zoology, London, 16-23 July 1958, Hewer, H. R., & Riley, N. D. (eds), XVth International Congress of Zoology at the Rooms of the Linnean Society of London, 941–943.
  • Giribet, G. & Edgecombe, G.D. (2017) Current understanding of Ecdysozoa and its internal phylogenetic relationships. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57(3), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icx072
  • Herranz, M., Stiller, J., Worsaae, K. & Sørensen, M.V. (2022) Phylogenomic analyses of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 168, 107375, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107375 [SourceID 420829]
  • Higgins, R.P. (1988) Kinorhyncha. pp. 328–331 in Higgins, R.P. & Thiel, H. (eds.) Introduction to the study of meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Jeeva, C., Mohan, P.M., Ragavan, P. & Muruganantham, V. (2020) A review on taxonomy of phylum Kinorhyncha. Open Journal of Marine Science, 10(4), 260–294. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2020.104020
  • Kristensen, R.M. (2001). Kinorhyncha.Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0001590
  • Laumer, C.E., Fernández, R., Lemer, S., Combosch, D., Kocot, K.M., Riesgo, A., Andrade, S.C.S., Sterrer, W., Sørensen, M.V. & Giribet, G. (2019) Revisiting metazoan phylogeny with genomic sampling of all phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 286, 20190831, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831
  • Malakhov, V. V. (1980) Cephalorhyncha, a new animal phylum uniting Priapulida, Kinorhyncha and Gordiacea, and the classification of Aschelminthes [in Russian]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 59(4), 485–499.
  • Neuhaus, B. (2013). 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). pp. 181–348 in Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110272536.181
  • Remane, A. (1929) Dritte Klasse des Cladus Nemathelminthes. Kinorhyncha = Echinodera. Handbuch der Zoologie.Band 2, Lieferung 6, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 187–248.
  • Remane, A. (1936) Aschelminthes. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). pp. 243–372 and Appendix pp. 373–385 in Remane, A., Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig. 4. Band: Vermes, II. Abteilung: Aschelminthes, Trochelminthes, 1. Buch, 2.Teil: Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha.
  • Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P.M. (2015) A higher level classification of all living organisms. PLOS ONE. 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
  • Sánchez, N., Yamasaki, H., Pardos, F., Sørensen, M.V. & Martínez, A. (2016) Morphology disentangles the systematics of a ubiquitous but elusive meliiofaunal group (Kinorhyncha: Pycnophyidae). Cladistics, 32(5), 479–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12143
  • Sørensen, M.V. (2008c) Phylogenetic analysis of the Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution,8, 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2007.11.002
  • Sørensen, M.V., Dal Zotto, M., Rho, H.S., Herranz, M., Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. & Yamasaki, H. (2015) Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha based on morphology and two molecular loci. PLOS ONE. 10(7): e0133440, 33 pp. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133440
  • Sørensen, M.V. (2013) Phylum Kinorhyncha. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 1–82. Zootaxa, 3703(1), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.13
  • Telford, M.J., Bourlat, S.J., Economou, A., Papillon, D. & Rota-Stabelli, O. (2008) The evolution of the Ecdysozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2243
  • Yamasaki, H., Hiruta, S.F. & Kajihara, H. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of kinorhynchs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,67(2), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.016

Early studies

  • Bütschli, O. (1876) Untersuchungen über freilebende Nematoden und die Gattung Chaetonotus. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 26, 363–413, pls. XXIII–XXVII.
  • Claparède, A.R.E. (1863) Zur Kenntnis der Gattung EchinoderesDuj. Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angestellt. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 90–92, 119, pls. XVI–XVII. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10030
  • Dujardin, F. (1851) Sur un petit animal marin, l'Echinodère, formant un type intermédiaire entre les Crustacés et les Vers. Annales des Scienes naturelles, 3 Zoologie, 15, 158–173, pl. 3.
  • Greeff, R. (1869) Untersuchungen über einige merkwürdige Thiergruppen des Arthropoden- und Wurm-Typus Archiv für Naturgeschichte,35(1), 71–121. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7058414
  • Mečnikow, E. (1865) Ueber einige wenig bekannte niedere Thierformen. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 15, 450–463, pl. XXXV.
  • Metschnikoff, E. (1869) Bemerkungen überEchinoderes. Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, Mélanges biologiques, 7, 190–194.
  • Pagenstecher, H.A. (1875)Echinoderes sieboldii. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 25 (supplement), 117–123, pl. VII.
  • Panceri, P. (1878) Osservazioni intorno a nuove forme di vermi nematodi marini.. Atti della R. Academia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, 7(10), 1–10, pl. 1.
  • Reinhard, W. (1881)Über Echinoderes und Desmoscolex der Umgegend von Odessa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 4(97), 588–592.
  • Reinhard, W. (1883) Zum Bau der Echinoderes.Protokoll der VII. Versammlung russischer Naturforscher und Ärzte. Sitzung der zoologischen Sektion den 22. August 1883, Odessa. Vol. 2A (3), 1–11 [in Russian].
  • Reinhard, W. (1885) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), leur structure anatomique et leur place dans le système.Travaux de la Société des naturalistes à l’Université Impériale de Kharkow, 19, 205–305, pls. VIII–XII. [in Russian]
  • Reinhard, W. (1887) Kinorhyncha (Echinoderes), ihr anatomischer Bau und ihre Stellung im System.Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 45, 401–467, pls. XX–XXII.
  • Schepotieff, A. (1907a) 2. Zur Systematik der Nematoideen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 31 (5/6), 132–161.
  • Schepotieff, A. (1907b) Die Echinoderiden.Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 88(2), 291–326, pls. XVII–XX.
  • Schepotieff, A. (1908) 3. Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderiden.Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32, 585–589.
  • Zelinka, C. (1896) Demonstration der Tafeln derEchinoderes-Monographie. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 6, 197–199.
  • Zelinka, C. (1907) Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32(5), 130–136.
  • Zelinka, C. (1908) Zur Kenntnis der Echinoderen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33 (19/20), 629–647.
  • Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1–396, plates I-XXVII.

Identification and checklists

  • Adrianov, A.V. (2011) Phylum Cephalorhyncha, class Kinorhyncha. pp. 41–49 in Buzhinskaja, G.N. (ed.), Illustrated key to the invertebrates of Eurasien Arctic Seas and adjacent deep waters, Vol. 2 Nemertea, Cephalorhyncha, Oligochaeta, Hirudinida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Sipuncula, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.
  • Chatterjee, T. (2019) A review note on research studies of Kinorhyncha from India. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 60, 183–188. http://application.sb-roscoff.fr/cbm/article.htm?execution=e7s1&_eventId=downloadpdf&articleId=41079
  • Dal Zotto, M. & Todaro, M.A. (2016) Kinorhyncha from Italy, a revision of the current checklist and an account of the recent investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.01.004
  • Higgins, R.P. (1986a) Kinorhyncha. pp. 110–118 in Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna mundi. A faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters (including the marine interstitial). E.J. Brill & Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden.
  • Neuhaus, B. (2004) 19. Kinorhyncha. pp. 646–653 in Hofrichter, R. (ed.), Das Mittelmeer. Fauna, Flora, Ökologie. Vol. II/2 Bestimmungsführer. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. [in German]
  • Neuhaus, B., Higgins, R.P. & Paavo, B.L. (2010) Phylum Kinorhyncha mud dragons. pp. 468–471 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity 2, Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
  • Remane, A. (1928) VII. d2 Kinorhyncha. pp. 57–84 in Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (eds), Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler, Leipzig. VIId5.
  • Sandulli, R. & De Zio Grimaldi, S. (2009) Kinorhyncha. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 supplement, 220–222.
  • Sørensen, M.V. & Pardos, F. (2008) Kinorhynch systematics and biology – an introduction to the study of kinorhynchs, inclusive identification keys to the genera. Meiofauna Marina, 16, 21–73.
  • Sørensen, M.V. & Pardos, F. (2020) Kinorhyncha. pp. 391–414 in Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Guide to the identification of marine meiofauna. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
  • Yamasaki, H. (2017) Diversity of Kinorhyncha in Japan and phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. pp. 543–563 in Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (eds.), Species diversity of animals in Japan, diversity and commonality in animals. Springer Press, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56432-4_21
  • Yamasaki, H., Herranz, M. & Sørensen, M.V. (2020) An interactive identification key to species of Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 287, 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.002

Ecology, biology, and biogeography

  • Adrianov, A.V. (1991) Some peculiarities of biology of Cephalorhyncha, Kinorhyncha.Ekologiya Morya, 39, 57–61. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Rybakov, A.V. (1991) Kinorhynchospora japonica gen. n., sp. n. (Microsporidia) from the intestine epithelium of Kinorhynchus yushini (Homalorhagida, Pychophyidae), from the Sea of Japan.Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 70(10), 5–11. [in Russian]
  • Cepeda, D., Álamo, D., Sánchez, N. & Pardos, F. (2019) Allometric growth in meiofaunal invertebrates: do all kinorhynchs show homogeneous trends? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 187(4), 1041–1060. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz083
  • Cepeda, D., Trigo, D., Pardos, F. & Sánchez, N. (2020) Does sediment composition sort kinorhynch communities? An ecomorphological approach through geometric morphometrics. Scientific Reports, 10, 2603, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59511-4
  • Dovgal, I, Chatterjee, T., Ingole, B. & Nanajkar, M. (2008) First report of Limnoricus ponticus Dovgal & Lozowskiy (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as epibionts on Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha) from the Indian Ocean with key to species of the genus Limnoricus. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 49, 381–385. http://application.sb-roscoff.fr/cbm/article.htm?execution=e4s1&_eventId=downloadpdf&articleId=26352
  • Higgins, R.P. & Fleeger, J.W. (1980) Seasonal changes in the population structure of Echinoderes coulli(Kinorhyncha).Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 10, 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0302-3524(80)80071-5
  • Horn, T.D. (1978) The distribution ofEchinoderes coulli (Kinorhyncha) along an interstitial salinity gradient. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society,97(4), 586–589. https://doi.org/10.2307/3226174
  • Hummon, W.D. (1975) Respiratory and osmoregulatory physiology of a meiobenthic marine gastrotrich, Turbanella ocellata Hummon 1974. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 16, 255–2268.
  • Ishii, D., Yamasaki, H., Uozumi, R. & Hirose, E. (2016) Does the kinorhynch have a hydrophobic body surface? Measurement of the wettability of a meiobenthic metazoan. Royal Society Open Science, 3(10), 160512, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160512
  • Landers, S.C., Sørensen, M.V., Beaton, K.R., Jones, C.M., Miller, J.M. & Stewart, P.M. (2018) Kinorhynch assemblages in the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf collected during a two-year survey. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 502, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2017.05.013
  • Landers, S.C., Sørensen, M.V., Sánchez, N., Beaton, K.R., Miller, J.M. & Ingels, J. (2019) Kinorhynch communities on the Louisiana continental shelf. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 132(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2988/18-00008
  • Martorelli, S. & Higgins, R.P. (2004) Kinorhyncha from the stomach of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri muelleri (Bate, 1888) from Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina.Zoologischer Anzeiger, 243, 85–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2004.07.003
  • Mello, C.L., Carvalho, A.L., Cabral de Faria, L., Baldoni, L. & Di Domenico, M. (2019) Spatial distribution pattern of the aberrant Franciscideres kalenesos(Kinorhyncha) on sandy beaches of Southern Brazil.Zoologischer Anzeiger, 282, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.008
  • Osorio, C. & Iguain, R. (1987) Kinorhyncha en Chile: Presencia de EchinoderesDujardin, 1851. Boletino Sociedad Biologica Concepción, Chile, 58, 119-120.
  • Pekkarinen, M. (1985) Exoskeletons of kinorhynchs in tissues of the bivalveMacoma balthica in the Baltic Sea, southwestern Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 22, 407–410.
  • Uozumi, R., Yamasaki, H. & Hirose, E. (2018) Mangrove forests may serve as stable environments for the meiobenthic Echinoderes komatsui (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida): distribution patterns and population dynamics in a subtropical estuary. Marine Biology Research, 14(3), 321–333.
  • Zelinka, C. (1914) Zwei Ektoparasiten der Echinoderen aus der Klasse der Ciliaten.Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte. 85. Versammlung zu Wien, Teil 2, 1. Hälfte, Nr. 13, 680–683.
  • Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera.Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig,1–396, plates I-XXVII.

    • Morphology (light microscopy, SEM, TEM, CLSM)

  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1991d): Kinorhynchid body cavity organization.Proceeding of the Academy of Sciences, 317, 247–249. [English translation]
  • Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1994) Kinorhyncha: Structure, development, phylogeny and taxonomy. Nauka Publishing, Moscow, 1–262. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V., Malakhov, V.V. & Chesunov, A.V. (1989) Floscules - specific organs of kinorhynchs, priapulids and loriciferans. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 307, 1277–1279. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V., Malakhov, V.V. & Chesunov, A.V. (1990) Fluscules – specific organs of Kinorhynchia, Priapulida, and Loricifera. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 307, 545–547. [English translation]
  • Adrianov, A.V., Malakhov, V.V. & Yushin, V.V. (1990) Fine structure of the cuticle of Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida). Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 69(1), 5–11. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V., Malakhov, V.V. & Yushin, V.V. (1991) Intracellular endosymbionts and parasites in the gut epithelium of kinorhynchs.Biologiya Morya, 17 (5), 31–42. [in Russian]
  • Adrianov, A.V., Malakhov, V.V. & Yushin, V.V. (1993) Intracellular endosymbionts and parasites in the gut epithelium of kinorhynchs. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 17(5), 271–278. [English translation]
  • Brown, R. (1983) Spermatophore transfer and subsequent sperm development in a homalorhagid Kinorhynch. Zoologica Scripta, 12(4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00509.x
  • Brown, R. (1989) Morphology and ultrastructure of the sensory appendages of a kinorhynch introvert. Zoologica Scripta, 18(4), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00141.x
  • Herranz, M., Boyle, M.J., Pardos, F. & Neves, R.C. (2014) Comparative myoanatomy ofEchinoderes (Kinorhyncha): a comprehensive investigation by CLSM and 3D reconstruction.Frontiers in Zoology, 11(1), 31, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-11-31
  • Herranz, M. Leander, B.S., Pardos, F. & Boyle, M.J. (2019) Neuroanatomy of mud dragons: a comprehensive view of the nervous system in Echinoderes(Kinorhyncha) by confocal laser scanning microscopy. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19, 86, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1405-4
  • Herranz, M., Pardos, F. & Boyle, M.J. (2013) Comparative morphology of serotonergic-like immunoreactive elements in the central nervous system of kinorhynchs (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). Journal of Morphology,274(3), 258–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20089
  • Herranz, M., Sørensen, M.V., Park, T., Leander, B.S. & Worsaae, K. (2020) Insights into mud dragon morphology (Kinorhyncha, Allomalorhagida): myoanatomy and neuroanatomy of Dracoderes abei and Pycnophyes ilyocryptus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 20(3), 467–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00447-y
  • Herranz, M., Park, T., Di Domenico, M., Leander, B.S., Sørensen, M.V. & Worsaae, K. (2021) Revisiting kinorhynch segmentation: variation of segmental patterns in the nervous system of three aberrant species. Frontiers in Zoology, 18, 54, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00438-5
  • Herranz, M., Worsaae, K., Di Domenico, M, Leander, B.S. & Sørensen, M.V. (2021) Myoanatomy of three aberrant kinorhynch species: similar but different?. Zoomorphology, 140, 193-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-021-00519-3
  • Hirose, E. & Yamasaki, H. (2015) Fine Structure of the integumentary cuticles and alimentary tissues of pycnophyid kinorhynchsPycnophyes oshoroensis and Kinorhynchus yushini (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida).Zoological Science, 32(4), 389–395.
  • Kristensen, R.M. & Hay-Schmidt, A. (1989) The protonephridia of the Arctic kinorhynchEchinoderes aquilonius (Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Acta Zoologica, 70(1), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1989.tb01048.x
  • Kristensen, R.M. & Higgins, R.P. (1991) Chapter 10. Kinorhyncha. pp. 377–404 in Harrison, F.W. & Ruppert, E.E. (eds.) Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, Vol. 4: Aschelminthes. Wiley-Liss, New York.
  • Merriman, J.A. & Corwin, H.O. (1973) An electron microscopical examination of Echinoderes dujardini Claparède (Kinorrhyncha). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere, 76, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298623
  • Moritz, K. & Storch, R. (1972a) Zur Feinstruktur des Integumentes vonTrachydemus giganteus Zelinka (Kinorhyncha). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere, 71, 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00298577
  • Moritz, K. & Storch, V. (1972b) Über den ultrastrukturellen Bau der Skaliden vonTrachydemus giganteus (Kinorhyncha).Marine Biology, 16(1), 81–89.
  • Müller, M.C. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2003) Reconstruction of the muscle system inAntygomonas sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) by means of phalloidin labeling and cLSM. Journal of Morphology, 256(2), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10058
  • Nebelsick, M. (1992a) Sensory spots of Echinoderes capitatus (Zelinka, 1928)(Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). Acta Zoologica, 73(3), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.1992.tb01186.x
  • Nebelsick, M. (1992b) Ultrastructural investigations of three taxonomic characters in the trunk region of Echinoderes capitatus (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida). Zoologica Scripta, 21(4), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1992.tb00335.x
  • Nebelsick, M. (1993) Introvert, mouth cone, and nervous system ofEchinoderes capitatus (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) and implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Zoomorphology,113, 211–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403313
  • Neuhaus, B. (1988) Ultrastructure of the protonephridia inPycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida). Zoomorphology, 108, 245-253 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312224
  • Neuhaus, B. (1994) Ultrastructure of alimentary canal and body cavity, ground pattern, and phylogenetic relationships of the Kinorhyncha.Microfauna Marina,9, 61–156.
  • Neuhaus, B. (1997) Ultrastructure of the cephalic sensory organs of adult Pycnophyes dentatus and of the first juvenile stage of P. kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida). Zoomorphology, 117, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004350050027
  • Nyholm, K.-G. (1976) Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa in Homalorhaga Kinorhyncha. Zoon, 4, 11–18.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. (1977) Receptaculum seminis and morphological hermaphroditism in Homalorhaga Kinorhyncha. Zoon, 5, 7–10.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. & Nyholm, P.-G. (1976a) Ultrastructure of the pharyngeal muscles of Homalorhaga Kinorhyncha. Zoon, 4,121–130.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. & Nyholm, P.-G. (1976b) Z-bodies and supercontraction in the integumental muscles of Homalorhaga Kinorhyncha. Zoon,4, 131–136.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. & Nyholm, P.-G. (1982) Spermatozoa and spermatogenesis in Homalorhagha Kinorhyncha. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 78(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(82)80009-9
  • Remane, A. (1929). Dritte Klasse des Cladus Nemathelminthes. Kinorhyncha = Echinodera. Handbuch der Zoologie. Band 2, Lieferung 6, De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 187–248.
  • Remane, A. (1936) Aschelminthes. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). pp. 243–372 and Appendix pp. 373–385 in Remane, A., Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha, Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs.
  • Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig. 4. Band: Vermes, II. Abteilung: Aschelminthes, Trochelminthes, 1. Buch, 2.Teil: Gastrotricha und Kinorhyncha.
  • Rothe, B. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (2004) Probable development from continuous to segmental longitudinal musculature in Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida). Meiofauna Marina, 13, 21–28.
  • Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Rothe, B.H. (2006) Postembryonic development of dorsoventral and longitudinal musculature in Pycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida). Integrative and Comparative Biology, 46(2), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icj019
  • Zelinka, K. (1928) Monographie der Echinodera. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1–396, plates I-XXVII.

Postembryonic development

  • Adrianov, A.V., Chesunov, A.V. & Spiridonov, S.E. (1990) Post-embryonic development ofPycnophyes kielensis (Kinorhyncha, Homalorhagida).Zoologichesky Zhurnal,, 69(6), 132–137. [in Russian]
  • Higgins, R.P. (1962) Postembryonic life history of the homalorhagid Kinorhyncha.American Zoologist, 2, 414.
  • Higgins, R.P. (1974) Chapter 11. Kinorhyncha. pp. 507–518 in Giese, A.C. & Pearce, J.S. (eds.), Reproduction of marine invertebrates. Vol. I Acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. Academic Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-282501-9.50016-8
  • Kozloff, E.N. (1972) Some aspects of development inEchinoderes (Kinorhyncha).Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 91(2), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.2307/3225404
  • Kozloff, E. (2007) Stages of development, from first cleavage to hatching, of anEchinoderes(phylum Kinorhyncha: class Cyclorhagida). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 48, 199–206.
  • Neuhaus, B. (1993) Postembryonic development ofPycnophyes kielensis and P. dentatusdentatus (Kinorhyncha) from the North Sea. Microfauna Marina, 8, 163–193.
  • Neuhaus, B. (1995) Postembryonic development ofParacentrophyes praedictus (Homalorhagida): neoteny questionable among the Kinorhyncha. Zoologica Scripta, 24(3), 179–192.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. (1947) Contributions to the knowledge of the postembryonic development in Echinoderida Cyclorhagae.Zoologisk Bidrag fran Uppsalla, 25, 423–428.
  • Nyholm, K.-G. (1947) Studies in the Echinoderida. Arkiv för Zoologi, 39 A(14), 1–36, pls. I–II.

    • Technical articles

  • Higgins, R.P. (1964) A method for meiobenthic invertebrate collection.American Zoologist, 4(3), 291.
  • Higgins, R.P. & Thiel, H. (1988) Introduction to the study of meiofauna.Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 1–488.
  • Müller, G.W. (1894) Die Ostrakoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. . Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte, 21. Monographie, 1–404.
  • Neuhaus, B. (2004) 19. Kinorhyncha. pp. 646–653 in Hofrichter, R. (ed.), Das Mittelmeer. Fauna, Flora, Ökologie. Vol. II/2 Bestimmungsführer. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. [in German]
  • Neuhaus, B., Schmid, T. & Riedel, J. (2017) Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations.Zootaxa, 4322, 1–173. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4322.1.1
  • Nicholas, W. & Sorenson, M.V. (2009) Kinorynchs from sea-grass beds in south eastern Australia – with notes on a new collecting method. Wetlands Australia, 25(1), 20–24.available online at https://wetlandsaustralia.com/articles/10.31646/wa.290/galley/293/download.
  • Schmid, T., Jungnickel, R., Neuhaus, B., Riedel, J., Kneipp, J. & Lüter, C. (2016) Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the collection management of microscope slides. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 178-190.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.07.002
  • Shirayama, Y., Kaku, T. & Higgins, R. P. (1993) Double-sided microscopic observation of meiofauna using an HS-slide. Benthos Research, 44, 41–44.
  • Sørensen, M.V. & Pardos, F. (2008) Kinorhynch systematics and biology – an introduction to the study of kinorhynchs, inclusive identification keys to the genera. Meiofauna Marina, 16, 21–73.

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