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Porifera name detailsSpongia fistularis Linnaeus, 1759
193692 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:193692)
unaccepted (genus transfer)
Species
marine,
recent only
Pallas, P. S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. [List of zoophytes containing general outlines of genera and brief descriptions of known species, with selected synonyms of the authors.]. <em>Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae.</em> 451 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6019361
page(s): 385-386 [details]  (of Spongia fistulosa Linnaeus, 1759) Linnaeus, C. (1759). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus II. Editio decima, reformata. - pp. [1-4], 825-1384. Holmiæ. (L. Salvii)., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/587267 [details]
Nomenclature Van Soest (2025: 25) discussed the names Spongia fistulosa and Spongia fistularis.
"The original species name, Spongia...
Nomenclature Van Soest (2025: 25) discussed the names Spongia fistulosa and Spongia fistularis. "The original species name, Spongia fistulosa is problematic for three reasons: Linnaeus’ 10th edition of the Systema Naturae (i.e. Linnaeus, 1759) is the only time he used the name, as he dropped the name entirely in the 12th and the 13th editions, presumably because Pallas (1766) assigned the name as a synonym of his Spongia fistularis (currently accepted as the common Caribbean species Aplysina fistularis). Linnaeus apparently accepted Pallas’ name without further resistance. The second problem is that Pallas insisted that Spongia fistularis (including Linnaeus’ S. fistulosa) occurred in the ‘Mare Americanum’, whereas Linnaeus changed this locality in the later editions (1767 and 1791) and stated that it occurred in the ‘Oceano indico’. The third problem is that the name is a senior secondary homonym of Euspongia irregularis var. fistulosa Von Lendenfeld, 1889. The first mention of the species is found in Linnaeus (1737b: 480), with the definition ‘Spongia simplex tubulosa’, which is in contrast with the two-tubed image in the reference he gives for it, viz. Sloane (1707: 62, pl. 23 fig. 2, here reproduced in Fig. 13A) with ‘description’ as ‘Spongia dura sive spuria major alba fistulosa, fibris crassioribus‘ (i.e. a hard sponge with whitish fistules and thick fibers) from Jamaica, still preserved in the Natural History Museum, London, as Sloane Vegetable Substance no. 185. The Sloane reference was repeated in Van Royen (1740: 522). Ditto in Linnaeus (1753b: 1170), but here Linnaeus added the name Spongia fistulosa and he noted ‘Habitat in mari ad Antillas’. Pallas (1766: 385, sp. 232) changed the name to S. fistularis and the definition to ‘Spongia tubulosa simplex attenuata rigida, extus tuberculosa’ (i.e. single tubular sponge, hard and narrow, with external tubercles). He cited Sloane (1707), but a different specimen (‘Spongia dura seu spuria maxima ramosa fistulosa’, i.e. a hard or spurious sponge with very large ramose fistules) and a different image (pl. 24 fig. 1, here reproduced as Fig. 13B) compared to Linnaeus’ (1737b), specimen still preserved in the Natural History Museum, London, as Sloane Vegetable Substance no. 128. He also cited Linnaeus 1759 and Seba (1758: pl. 95 figs 1 and 7). More images were published by Esper (1791c) and these were discussed in Ehlers (1870: 13). Pallas’ descriptive notes and cited images leave little doubt that this sponge is what is currently understood as Aplysina fistularis. This is definitely not a species that is known to occur in the East Indies, whereas for unknown reasons Linnaeus (1767) and (1791) - using S. fistularis and omitting the name S. fistulosa - insisted that its habitat was the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus’ acceptance of Pallas’ renaming of this species must be construed as an admission of misspelling of the originally intended name, even though it is not explained by Linnaeus. ICZN art. 33.2.3.1 stipulates that the corrected name fistularis when it is in prevailing use can be maintained if authorship is attributed to the original author and year. Thus, the species name Aplysina fistularis is not to be attributed to Pallas but to Linnaeus 1759. [details]
de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Goodwin, C.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Lim, S.C.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.; Pinheiro, U.; Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Turner, T.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M.; Xavier, J. (2025). World Porifera Database. Spongia fistularis Linnaeus, 1759. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/porifera.php?p=taxdetails&id=193692 on 2026-01-14
Date action by
original description
Pallas, P. S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. [List of zoophytes containing general outlines of genera and brief descriptions of known species, with selected synonyms of the authors.]. <em>Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae.</em> 451 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6019361
page(s): 385-386 [details] original description (of Spongia fistulosa Linnaeus, 1759) Linnaeus, C. (1759). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus II. Editio decima, reformata. - pp. [1-4], 825-1384. Holmiæ. (L. Salvii)., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/587267 [details] additional source Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale. 1 & 2. [The system of nature through the three kingdoms of nature: according to classes, orders, genera, species, with characters, differences, synonyms, places. Ed. 12. 1., Animal Kingdom. 1 & 2]. <em>Holmiae [Stockholm], Laurentii Salvii.</em> pp. 1-532 [1766] pp. 533-1327 [1767]., available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83650#5 page(s): 1298 [details] additional source Gmelin, J. F. (1791). Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae, ed. 13. Tome 1(6). Vermes. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 page(s): 3818 [details] additional source Wilkens, C.F. (1787). P.S. Pallas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen. Nach seinem Tode herausgegeben von J.F.W. Herbst. <em>Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg.</em> pp. 265 + 22 (unnumbered) + pls. XXVI. page(s): 222 [details] additional source Esper, E.J.C. (1794). Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen. Zweyter Theil. (Raspe: Nürnberg): 1-303. , available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50841660 page(s): 228-231 [details] additional source Boddaert, P. 1768. Lyst der Plant-Dieren, p. (1-50) + 1-654, pls. 1-14. Van Paddenburg & Van Schoonhoven, Utrecht. page(s): 495 [details] additional source Lamarck, J.-B. de. (1814 [1813]). Sur les polypiers empâtés. <em>Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle.</em> 20: 294-312; 370-386; 432-458. page(s): 435 [details] additional source Bosc, L.A.G. (1802). Histoire Naturelle des Vers : contenant leur description et leurs moeurs, avec figures dessinées d'après nature. <em>Guilleminet, Paris, chez Deterville.</em> 3 vols. 324 pp. + pls. 1-10; 300 pp. + pls. 11-25; 270 pp. + pls. 26-32. 1-324., available online at http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41758184 page(s): 140 [details] source of synonymy Van Soest, R.W.M. (2025). Typification of Porifera described in the 10th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, volume II, 1759. <em>Zootaxa.</em> 5638(1): 1-65., available online at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5638.1.1 page(s): 25 [details] Available for editors  [request]From editor or global species database
Nomenclature Van Soest (2025: 25) discussed the names Spongia fistulosa and Spongia fistularis."The original species name, Spongia fistulosa is problematic for three reasons: Linnaeus’ 10th edition of the Systema Naturae (i.e. Linnaeus, 1759) is the only time he used the name, as he dropped the name entirely in the 12th and the 13th editions, presumably because Pallas (1766) assigned the name as a synonym of his Spongia fistularis (currently accepted as the common Caribbean species Aplysina fistularis). Linnaeus apparently accepted Pallas’ name without further resistance. The second problem is that Pallas insisted that Spongia fistularis (including Linnaeus’ S. fistulosa) occurred in the ‘Mare Americanum’, whereas Linnaeus changed this locality in the later editions (1767 and 1791) and stated that it occurred in the ‘Oceano indico’. The third problem is that the name is a senior secondary homonym of Euspongia irregularis var. fistulosa Von Lendenfeld, 1889. The first mention of the species is found in Linnaeus (1737b: 480), with the definition ‘Spongia simplex tubulosa’, which is in contrast with the two-tubed image in the reference he gives for it, viz. Sloane (1707: 62, pl. 23 fig. 2, here reproduced in Fig. 13A) with ‘description’ as ‘Spongia dura sive spuria major alba fistulosa, fibris crassioribus‘ (i.e. a hard sponge with whitish fistules and thick fibers) from Jamaica, still preserved in the Natural History Museum, London, as Sloane Vegetable Substance no. 185. The Sloane reference was repeated in Van Royen (1740: 522). Ditto in Linnaeus (1753b: 1170), but here Linnaeus added the name Spongia fistulosa and he noted ‘Habitat in mari ad Antillas’. Pallas (1766: 385, sp. 232) changed the name to S. fistularis and the definition to ‘Spongia tubulosa simplex attenuata rigida, extus tuberculosa’ (i.e. single tubular sponge, hard and narrow, with external tubercles). He cited Sloane (1707), but a different specimen (‘Spongia dura seu spuria maxima ramosa fistulosa’, i.e. a hard or spurious sponge with very large ramose fistules) and a different image (pl. 24 fig. 1, here reproduced as Fig. 13B) compared to Linnaeus’ (1737b), specimen still preserved in the Natural History Museum, London, as Sloane Vegetable Substance no. 128. He also cited Linnaeus 1759 and Seba (1758: pl. 95 figs 1 and 7). More images were published by Esper (1791c) and these were discussed in Ehlers (1870: 13). Pallas’ descriptive notes and cited images leave little doubt that this sponge is what is currently understood as Aplysina fistularis. This is definitely not a species that is known to occur in the East Indies, whereas for unknown reasons Linnaeus (1767) and (1791) - using S. fistularis and omitting the name S. fistulosa - insisted that its habitat was the Indian Ocean. Linnaeus’ acceptance of Pallas’ renaming of this species must be construed as an admission of misspelling of the originally intended name, even though it is not explained by Linnaeus. ICZN art. 33.2.3.1 stipulates that the corrected name fistularis when it is in prevailing use can be maintained if authorship is attributed to the original author and year. Thus, the species name Aplysina fistularis is not to be attributed to Pallas but to Linnaeus 1759. [details] |