basis of recordde Kluijver, M. J.; Ingalsuo, S. S.; de Bruyne, R. H. (2000). Macrobenthos of the North Sea [CD-ROM]: 1. Keys to Mollusca and Brachiopoda. <em>World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series. Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification (ETI): Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ISBN 3-540-14706-3. 1 cd-rom.</em> (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceStreftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. <em>Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review.</em> 43: 419-453. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Introduced species population trend in North Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Increasing [details] Introduced species population trend in Baltic Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Increasing [details] Introduced species population trend in Celtic Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Increasing [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in North Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Perhaps introduced to Europe as larvae in tanker ballast water; its spread within European waters has been natural larval dispersal. [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Baltic Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Perhaps introduced to Europe as larvae in tanker ballast water; its spread within European waters has been natural larval dispersal. [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Celtic Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Perhaps introduced to Europe as larvae in tanker ballast water; its spread within European waters has been natural larval dispersal. [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Celtic Sea (IHO Sea Area) : Perhaps introduced to Europe as larvae in tanker ballast water; its spread within European waters has been natural larval dispersal. [details]
Unreviewed
Synonymy According to some authors (e.g. van Urk, 1987), E. americanus (Gould, 1870) is a valid species, distinct from E. directus (Conrad, 1843). [details]