(ofAlcyonium schlosseri Pallas, 1766)Pallas, P. S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. [List of zoophytes containing general outlines of genera and brief descriptions of known species, with selected synonyms of the authors.]. <em>Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae.</em> 451 pp., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6019361[details]
Distribution Bay of Fundy to North Carolina
Distribution Bay of Fundy to North Carolina [details]
Taxonomy Order: Pleurogona Suborder: Stolidobranchiata, according to Trott (2004).
Taxonomy Order: Pleurogona Suborder: Stolidobranchiata, according to Trott (2004). [details]
Shenkar, N.; Gittenberger, A.; Lambert, G.; Rius, M.; Moreira da Rocha, R.; Swalla, B.J.; Turon, X. (2025). Ascidiacea World Database. Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=103862 on 2025-07-17
original description(ofBotryllus bivittatus Milne Edwards, 1841)Milne Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les Ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. <em>Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France.</em> 18: 217-326.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus calyculatus Alder & Hancock, 1907)Alder, J.; Hancock, A. (1905-1912). The British Tunicata. <em>London, Ray Society.</em> vol.1 (1905), 146pp; 2 (1907), vol.2 (1907), 164pp; vol.3, (1912), 113pp.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus rubens Alder & Hancock, 1848)Alder, J.; Hancock, A. (1848). Additions to the mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. <em>Trans. Tyneside Field Club.</em> 1: 195-207.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus smaragdus Milne Edwards, 1841)Milne Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les Ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. <em>Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France.</em> 18: 217-326.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus virescens Alder & Hancock, 1848)Alder, J.; Hancock, A. (1848). Additions to the mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. <em>Trans. Tyneside Field Club.</em> 1: 195-207.[details]
original description(ofAplidium verrucosum Dalyell, 1839)Dalyell, J. D. (1839). A singular mode of propagation among the lower animals illustrated. <em>Edinburgh New Philosophy Journal.</em> 26: 162-158.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus castaneus Alder & Hancock, 1848)Alder, J.; Hancock, A. (1848). Additions to the mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. <em>Trans. Tyneside Field Club.</em> 1: 195-207.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus calendula Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus pruinosus Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus aurolineatus Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus morio Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus marionis Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus rubigo Giard, 1872)Giard, A. (1872). Recherches sur les Ascidies composées ou Synascidies. [Research on compound ascidians or synascidians.]. <em>Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale.</em> 1:501-687, pls. 25-30. (Copepoda: 555).[details]
original description(ofBotryllus violatinctus Hartmeyer, 1909)Hartmeyer, R. (1909-1911). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). <em>In: Bronn, H.G., Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-reichs. Leipzig, 3, suppl. psts.</em> 81-98,: 1281-1773.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus badius Alder & Hancock, 1912)Alder, J.; Hancock, A. (1905-1912). The British Tunicata. <em>London, Ray Society.</em> vol.1 (1905), 146pp; 2 (1907), vol.2 (1907), 164pp; vol.3, (1912), 113pp.[details]
original description(ofAlcyonium schlosseri Pallas, 1766)Pallas, P. S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succintas descriptiones, cum selectis auctorum synonymis. [List of zoophytes containing general outlines of genera and brief descriptions of known species, with selected synonyms of the authors.]. <em>Fransiscum Varrentrapp, Hagae.</em> 451 pp., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6019361[details]
original description(ofBotryllus violaceus Milne Edwards, 1841)Milne Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les Ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. <em>Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France.</em> 18: 217-326.[details]
original description(ofBotryllus gascoi Della Valle, 1877)Della Valle, A. (1877). Contribuzioni alla storia naturalle delle Ascidie Composte del Golfo di Napoli. <em>Napoli, tip. Comuni.</em> 48 p.[details]
basis of recordMonniot, C. (2001). Ascidiacea & Sorberacea. <em>In: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels.</em> 50: pp. 352-355. (look up in IMIS) [details]
Other
context source (Introduced species)Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. <em>BioInvasions Records.</em> 1: 235-245., available online athttp://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu[details] Available for editors [request]
context source (HKRMS)Kott P. & Goodbody I. (1982). The ascidians of Hong Kong. In: Morton B, editor. Proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop: The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and southern China. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 1: pp 503-554. [details]
additional sourceGosner, K. L. (1971). Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. <em>John Wiley & Sons, Inc., London.</em> 693 pp. [pdf copepod and branchiuran :445-455]. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceLinkletter, L. E. (1977). A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. <em>Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B.</em> 68: p.[details]
additional sourceMeinkoth, N. A. (1981). Field guide to North American seashore creatures. <em>The Audubon Society.</em> 1-799.[details]
additional sourceMiner, R. W. (1950). Field book of seashore life. <em>G.P. Putnam & Sons.</em> 1-888.[details]
additional sourceThomas, M. L. H. (1983). Marine and coastal systems of the Quoddy Region, New Brunswick. <em>Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.</em> 64:1-306.[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceMillar, R. H. (1955). On a collection of ascidians from South Africa. <em>Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.</em> 125(1): 169-221. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceMuller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. <em>Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France.</em> 307 pp., available online athttp://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/145561.pdf[details]
additional sourceKott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea part 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. <em>Mem Qd Mus.</em> 23: 1-440., available online athttp://biostor.org/reference/109626[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceGosner, K.L. (1979). A Field Guide to the Atlantic Seashore. Invertebrates and Seaweeds of the Atlantic Coast from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Hatteras. <em>Wiley-Interscience, Boston.</em> 329pp., figs. 1-72, pls. 1-64. [pdf copepods only].[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceKott, P.; Bradford-Grieve, J.; Esnal, G.; Murdoch, R.C. (2009). Phylum Tunicata: sea squirts, salps, appendicularians, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 409-430.[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceCole, L. and G. Lambert. 2009. Tunicata (Urochordata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1209–1216 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.[details]
additional sourceLiu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceBrine, O.; Hunt, L.; Costello, M. J. (2013). Marine biofouling on recreational boats on swing moorings and berths. <em>Management of Biological Invasions.</em> 4(4): 327-341., available online athttps://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2013.4.4.07[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceHayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. <em>Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.</em> 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceIntegrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online athttp://www.itis.gov[details]
biology sourceTepolt, C. K. (2014). Adaptation in marine invasion: a genetic perspective. <em>Biological Invasions.</em> 17(3): 887-903., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0825-8 note: Here, I review evidence for adaptation in marine invasion, considering both quantitative and genetic studies. [details] Available for editors [request]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
Introduced species abundance in Canadian part of the Bay of Fundy (Marine Region) : Rare to common [details] Introduced species impact in Australia (Nation) : Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain [details] Introduced species management in Canadian part of the Gulf of St-Lawrence (Marine Region) : yes [details] Introduced species remark Madeiran part of the North Atlantic Ocean (Marine Region) Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms [details] Introduced species vector dispersal United States part of the North Pacific Ocean (Marine Region) Aquaculture: accidental [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Australia (Nation) : Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Australia (Nation) : Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms [details] Introduced species vector dispersal in Portugal (Nation) : Shipping [details] Introduced species vector dispersal Argentinean part of the South Atlantic Ocean (Marine Region) Argentinean part of the South Atlantic Ocean (Marine Region) [details] Introduced species vector dispersal Argentinean part of the South Atlantic Ocean (Marine Region) Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms [details] Introduced species vector dispersal Madeiran part of the North Atlantic Ocean (Marine Region) Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins [details]
Unreviewed
Diet plankton feeder [details] Dimensions colonies extend 75-100 mm [details] Distribution Bay of Fundy to North Carolina [details] Distribution semi-cosmopolitan [details] Habitat circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary [details] Remark Millar, 1955 placed this species in Botryllidae [details] Reproduction hermaphroditic; eggs shed and fertilized in the water [details] Taxonomy Order: Pleurogona Suborder: Stolidobranchiata, according to Trott (2004). [details]