CaRMS taxon details
original description
(of ) Euphrasen, B. A. (1790). Raja (Narinari). <em>Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm.</em> v. 11 (for 1790): 217-219, Pl. 10. [details]
context source (HKRMS)
Hong Kong marine fish database. <em>AFCD.</em> , available online at https://www.hk-fish.net/en/fish/introduction/ [details]
context source (Bermuda)
Smith-Vaniz, W. F.; Collette, B. B.; Luckhurst, B. E (1999). Fishes of Bermuda: History, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys
(American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists - Special Publication No.4)
. ASIH, 424 pp. [details]
basis of record
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2025). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (06/2024)., available online at https://www.fishbase.org [details]
additional source
McEachran, J. D. (2009). Fishes (Vertebrata: Pisces) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1223–1316 in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source
Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors 
ecology source
Looby, A.; Erbe, C.; Bravo, S.; Cox, K.; Davies, H. L.; Di Iorio, L.; Jézéquel, Y.; Juanes, F.; Martin, C. W.; Mooney, T. A.; Radford, C.; Reynolds, L. K.; Rice, A. N.; Riera, A.; Rountree, R.; Spriel, B.; Stanley, J.; Vela, S.; Parsons, M. J. G. (2023). Global inventory of species categorized by known underwater sonifery. <em>Scientific Data.</em> 10(1). (look up in IMIS), available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02745-4 [details] 
Unreviewed
Description Usually found in shallow inshore waters. Common around bays, estuaries, off beaches and coral reefs but may cross oceanic basins (Ref. 9862). Swims close to the surface, occasionally leaping out of the water, or close to the bottom (Ref. 3175). Frequently forms large schools during the nonbreeding season (Ref. 7251). Feeds mainly on bivalves but also eats shrimps, crabs, octopus and worms, whelks, and small fishes (Ref.9862). [details]
Distribution N.C. (summer), Bermuda, se. Florida, and n. Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; nearly worldwide in tropical waters [details]
Habitat nektonic [details]
From editor or global species database
Unreviewed
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