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WoRMS taxon detailsGonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866
110041 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:110041)
accepted
Species
Gonyaulax levanderi (Lemmermann) Paulsen, 1907 · unaccepted (synonym)
Gonyaulax spinifera var. levanderi (Lemmermann) Lindeman, 1924 · unaccepted (uncertain taxonomic status...)
uncertain taxonomic status subjected to verification Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea M.Rossignol, 1964 · unaccepted (synonym)
Peridinium levanderi Lemmermann, 1900 · unaccepted
Peridinium spiniferum Claparède & Lachmann, 1859 · unaccepted
Spiniferites membranaceus (R.Rossignol)Sarjeant · unaccepted (synonym)
Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell · unaccepted (synonym)
Tectatodinium pellitum D.Wall, 1967 † · unaccepted (synonym)
marine, brackish, fresh,
Not documented
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:46967
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:46967 [details] Description Relatively small, with strongly excavated cingulum, very descending and with a very pronounced overhang. In the epitheca...
Description Relatively small, with strongly excavated cingulum, very descending and with a very pronounced overhang. In the epitheca neck and shoulders well marked. In the antapical region two well-developed spines, more or less winged. The angle formed by the longitudinal axis and the line that joins the two ends of the cingulum is 20-24°. The dorsoventral flattening is very small (Dv approximately 3-4 less than the Trd.). Epitheca truncated conical, irregular. Seen from the front, right flank slightly concave in the posterior half; left almost straight, sometimes somewhat sigmoid. About halfway up or a little in front there is a sharp inflection on both sides, thus forming a well-marked pair of shoulders; then the edges straighten out rather abruptly forming a fairly well demarcated and relatively elevated neck, subcylindrical to truncated-conical. Plate 1' narrow, especially in about front half; maximum width at the junction of the two halves, where there is a very visible angle projected to the left; small concave anterior edge to join Po. Large pores or poroids are seen throughout this plate; usually two in the front half, four or five in the back; in the latter there is always a more or less narrow border (indications of poroids are rarely observed) to the left. The 2' is wide. It outlines the left side of the epitheca and extends quite a bit in the dorsal region. More or less pentagonal, its anterior margin is very strongly notched and reinforced, where it embraces the entire left and dorsal part of Po; sometimes it emits a kind of hook or spur towards 3'. The 3' is small and forms a kind of fringe or slightly sculpted collar that overlaps the 1a and projects somewhat downwards ventrally, to end in a short central notch that delimits, with the previous one of 2a, a characteristic ventral pore. The ventral part of this plate usually has some poroids. Fairly regular elliptic po, large but weak, with a pearly reinforcement along the entire margin. Across the center of this plaque is a line, apparently a faint fold. Of the two intercalary plates, the first, large and pentagonal, is dorso-right and is separated from Po by the narrow strip formed by 3'. The 2a has some resemblance to 1', to whose right margin it joins, but it is shorter and also a little wider, but since it has a strong projected angle, at mid-height, outwards, that is, towards the right in this case. The anterior end has a notch bordered by a protruding rim; this notch completes a pore well visible on close examination in the ventral region of the base of the neck, to the right of the sagittal plane. 6'' triangular with reinforced and very concave internal edge; the anterior vertex somewhat passes the anterior border of the cingulum. Plate 1''' tall, narrow but quite conspicuous, usually with an irregular row of 5-6 large poroids. P irregular broad J-shaped; on its inner edge there is a short almost vertical anterior portion which is followed by a long and wide reinforced concavity that connects with S.p.; along the entire inner edge runs a narrow hyaline fin. The antapical plate is quite wide laterally, but not dorsoventrally. It bears the two strong spines that are somewhat variable: they can have a central axis bordered by fins or a more or less areolauo reinforcement. They are little divergent and always well developed. Cingulum deeply dug, finless, tapering 2.5-3, usually just over 2.5. Its six plates are sculpted with two rows of poroids, rarely three and, in this case, the two marginal ones of smaller elements. The overhang is equivalent to 2-2.5 cingulum heights. The sulcus, quite broadened from the right posterior border of the cingulum, is made up of 7 plates. The S.a. it is tall, quite narrow. It begins at the front with an almost square portion, with alveoli (usually two rows, anterior and posterior), followed by another portion whose right edge is convex; the left, almost straight, stops at mid-height interrupted by a short perpendicular ridge that sometime [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110041 on 2025-04-01
Date action by 2006-07-27 06:59:07Z changed Camba Reu, Cibran 2015-06-26 12:00:51Z changed db_admin Copyright notice: the information originating from AlgaeBase may not be downloaded or replicated by any means, without the written permission of the copyright owner (generally AlgaeBase). Fair usage of data in scientific publications is permitted. Nomenclaturebasis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details]  Ecologyecology source
Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details] ecology source Jeong, H.; Park, J.; Nho, J.; Park, M.; Ha, J.; Seong, K.; Jeng, C.; Seong, C.; Lee, K.; Yih, W. (2005). Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 41: 131-143., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame041131 [details] Othercontext source (Deepsea)
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), available online at http://www.iobis.org/ [details]
context source (Schelde) Maris, T., O. Beauchard, S. Van Damme, E. Van den Bergh, S. Wijnhoven & P. Meire. (2013). Referentiematrices en Ecotoopoppervlaktes Annex bij de Evaluatiemethodiek Schelde-estuarium Studie naar “Ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. [Reference matrices and Ecotope areas Annex to the Evaluation methodology Scheldt estuary Study on “Ecotope areas and intactness index”. <em>Monitor Taskforce Publication Series, 2013-01. NIOZ: Yerseke.</em> 35 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] context source (Bermuda) Wall, D.; Dale, B. (1970). Living hystrichosphaerid dinoflagellate spores from Bermuda and Puerto Rico. Micropaleontology., 16(1): 47-58 [details] additional source Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details] additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2025). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details] additional source Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details] additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details] additional source Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, <B><I>in</I></B>: Costello, M.J. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) (2001). <i>European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,</i> 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS) [details] additional source Martin, J. L.; LeGresley, M. M. ; Strain, P. M. (2001). Phytoplankton monitoring in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy during 1997-98. <em>Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2349.</em> 4: 1-85. [details] additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details] additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  [request]additional source Lakkis, S. (2011). Le phytoplancton marin du Liban (Méditerranée orientale): biologie, biodiversité, biogéographie. Aracne: Roma. ISBN 978-88-548-4243-4. 293 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] additional source Abé, T.H. (1927). Report of the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. 3. Notes on the protozoan fauna of Mutsu Bay. I. Peridiniales. <em>Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Series 4.</em> 2: 383-438. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]additional source Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details] additional source Steidinger, K.A.; Tangen, K. (1997). Dinoflagellates. pp. 387-584. In: C.R. Tomas (ed.) (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780126930184500057 [details] additional source Kofoid, C.A. (1911). Dinoflagellata of the San Diego Region. IV. The genus Gonyaulax, with notes on its skeletal morphology and a discussion of its generic and specific characters. <em>University of California publications. Zoology.</em> 8: 187-300. (look up in IMIS) [details] additional source Balech, E. (1977). Cuatro especies de Gonyaulax sensu lato, y consideraciones sobre el género (Dinoflagellata). <em>Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (Hidrobiología).</em> 5(6): 115-136, 3 pl. [details] Available for editors [request]additional source Campbell, P.H. (1973). Studies on brackish water phytoplankton. UNC.SG.73.07. pp. 1-406. Chapel Hill: Sea Grant Publications, University of North Carolina. [details] Available for editors [request]toxicology source Rhodes, L., McNabb, P., Salas, M., Briggs, L., Beuzenberg, V. & Gladstone, M. 2006. Yessotoxin production by <i>Gonyaulax spinifera</i>. Harmful Algae 5:148-55. [details]  Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:46967 [details]From regional or thematic species database
Description Relatively small, with strongly excavated cingulum, very descending and with a very pronounced overhang. In the epitheca neck and shoulders well marked. In the antapical region two well-developed spines, more or less winged. The angle formed by the longitudinal axis and the line that joins the two ends of the cingulum is 20-24°. The dorsoventral flattening is very small (Dv approximately 3-4 less than the Trd.). Epitheca truncated conical, irregular. Seen from the front, right flank slightly concave in the posterior half; left almost straight, sometimes somewhat sigmoid. About halfway up or a little in front there is a sharp inflection on both sides, thus forming a well-marked pair of shoulders; then the edges straighten out rather abruptly forming a fairly well demarcated and relatively elevated neck, subcylindrical to truncated-conical. Plate 1' narrow, especially in about front half; maximum width at the junction of the two halves, where there is a very visible angle projected to the left; small concave anterior edge to join Po. Large pores or poroids are seen throughout this plate; usually two in the front half, four or five in the back; in the latter there is always a more or less narrow border (indications of poroids are rarely observed) to the left. The 2' is wide. It outlines the left side of the epitheca and extends quite a bit in the dorsal region. More or less pentagonal, its anterior margin is very strongly notched and reinforced, where it embraces the entire left and dorsal part of Po; sometimes it emits a kind of hook or spur towards 3'. The 3' is small and forms a kind of fringe or slightly sculpted collar that overlaps the 1a and projects somewhat downwards ventrally, to end in a short central notch that delimits, with the previous one of 2a, a characteristic ventral pore. The ventral part of this plate usually has some poroids. Fairly regular elliptic po, large but weak, with a pearly reinforcement along the entire margin. Across the center of this plaque is a line, apparently a faint fold. Of the two intercalary plates, the first, large and pentagonal, is dorso-right and is separated from Po by the narrow strip formed by 3'. The 2a has some resemblance to 1', to whose right margin it joins, but it is shorter and also a little wider, but since it has a strong projected angle, at mid-height, outwards, that is, towards the right in this case. The anterior end has a notch bordered by a protruding rim; this notch completes a pore well visible on close examination in the ventral region of the base of the neck, to the right of the sagittal plane. 6'' triangular with reinforced and very concave internal edge; the anterior vertex somewhat passes the anterior border of the cingulum. Plate 1''' tall, narrow but quite conspicuous, usually with an irregular row of 5-6 large poroids. P irregular broad J-shaped; on its inner edge there is a short almost vertical anterior portion which is followed by a long and wide reinforced concavity that connects with S.p.; along the entire inner edge runs a narrow hyaline fin. The antapical plate is quite wide laterally, but not dorsoventrally. It bears the two strong spines that are somewhat variable: they can have a central axis bordered by fins or a more or less areolauo reinforcement. They are little divergent and always well developed. Cingulum deeply dug, finless, tapering 2.5-3, usually just over 2.5. Its six plates are sculpted with two rows of poroids, rarely three and, in this case, the two marginal ones of smaller elements. The overhang is equivalent to 2-2.5 cingulum heights. The sulcus, quite broadened from the right posterior border of the cingulum, is made up of 7 plates. The S.a. it is tall, quite narrow. It begins at the front with an almost square portion, with alveoli (usually two rows, anterior and posterior), followed by another portion whose right edge is convex; the left, almost straight, stops at mid-height interrupted by a short perpendicular ridge that sometime [details]Harmful effect Strains from New Zeland are yessotoxin producer (Rhodes et al. 2006). Strains from the Adriatic also produce yessotoxins (Riccardi et al. 2009). [details] Identification G. spinifera is a widely cited species, but whose characteristics have never been well defined. The only essay in this sense is that of Kofoid (1911a), who left us an excellent study but not based on material from the original region. On the other hand there is some doubt as to whether all that he classifies as G. spinifera is the same species. In an attempt to give a more solid basis for a future more exact delimitation of the type species of the genus (and hence the genus itself) I have analyzed material from Norway that corresponds well to the original drawing, albeit slightly larger (according to Claparede &. Lachmann L would be about 40; according to Kofoid from 24 to 50). In truth, the dimensions of my specimens agree well with those of Ostenfeld who assigns to this species a length of 40 to SW and Trd. from 32 to 44. In the plankton samples examined, these typical specimens are accompanied by other larger ones, of somewhat different shape and spines (usually with more than two spines) that correspond well to G. digitale, and also by some smaller ones, with several small spines, more rounded neck, very little prominent neck, etc., which I think are of a different species. I have not analyzed either one or the other since my attempt has not been to study variations and relationships but to establish well the characters of typical specimens of G. spinifera. Those studied show fairly constant characteristics that immediately individualize them in these samples. Its spines are always two, strong and relatively long. The tabulation does not show significant variations. The material used comes from two samples from Drobak, Norway. [details] Unreviewed
Diet general for group: both heterotrophic (eat other organisms) and autotrophic (photosynthetic) [details]Habitat pelagic [details] Importance General: known for producing dangerous toxins, particularly when in large numbers, called "red tides" because the cells are so abundant they make water change color. Also they can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in predators (particularly shellfish) that may be eaten by humans. [details] Predators marine microorganisms and animal larvae [details] Reproduction general for group: both sexual and asexual [details]
PlanktonNet Image
Published in AlgaeBase  Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gonyaulax membranacea (M.Rossignol) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.Lewis & Harding, 2003 †)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gonyaulax levanderi (Lemmermann) Paulsen, 1907)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Peridinium spiniferum Claparède & Lachmann, 1859)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Achomosphaera hyperacantha (Deflandre & Cookson) R.J.Davey & G.L.Williams, 1969 †)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Peridinium levanderi Lemmermann, 1900)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Tectatodinium pellitum D.Wall, 1967 †)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Spiniferites membranaceus (R.Rossignol)Sarjeant)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea M.Rossignol, 1964)Published in AlgaeBase (from synonym Gonyaulax spinifera var. levanderi (Lemmermann) Lindeman, 1924)To Barcode of Life (1 barcode) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication) (from synonym Peridinium levanderi Lemmermann, 1900) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (24 publications) (from synonym Peridinium spiniferum Claparède & Lachmann, 1859) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Tectatodinium pellitum D.Wall, 1967 †) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Spiniferites membranaceus (R.Rossignol)Sarjeant) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (71 publications) To Biodiversity Heritage Library (9 publications) (from synonym Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell) To Dyntaxa To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Gonyaulax membranacea) (from synonym Gonyaulax membranacea (M.Rossignol) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.Lewis & Harding, 2003 †) To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Gonyaulax spinifera) To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Spiniferites ramosus) (from synonym Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell) To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Tectatodinium pellitum) (from synonym Tectatodinium pellitum D.Wall, 1967 †) To GenBank (23 nucleotides; 0 proteins) (from synonym Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell) To GenBank (3 nucleotides; 0 proteins) (from synonym Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea M.Rossignol, 1964) To GenBank (3 nucleotides; 0 proteins) (from synonym Tectatodinium pellitum D.Wall, 1967 †) To GenBank (3 nucleotides; 0 proteins) (from synonym Gonyaulax membranacea (M.Rossignol) Ellegaard, Daugbjerg, Rochon, J.Lewis & Harding, 2003 †) To PESI To ITIS |
