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CaRMS source details
Sendall, Kelly; Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio. 2013. Revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta, Sternaspidae). ZooKeys 286(0): 1-74
167231
Publication
World Polychaeta Database (WPolyDb). Open access journal
Sternaspid polychaetes are common and often abundant in soft bottoms in the world oceans. Some authors suggest that only one species should be recognized, whereas others regard a few species as widely distributed in many seas and variable depths from the low intertidal to about 4400 m. There are some problems with species delineation and the distinctive ventro-caudal shield has been disregarded or barely used for identifying species. In order to clarify these issues, the ventral shield is evaluated in specimens from the same locality and its diagnostic potential is confirmed. On this basis, a revision of Sternaspis Otto, 1821 (Polychaeta: Sternaspidae) is presented based upon type materials, or material collected from type localities. The sternaspid body, introvert hooks and shield show three distinct patterns, two genera have seven abdominal segments and tapered introvert hooks, and one genus has eight abdominal segments and spatulate introvert hooks. The ventro-caudal shield has three different patterns: stiff with ribs, and sometimes concentric lines, stiff with feebly-defined ribs but no concentric lines, and soft with firmly adhered sediment particles. Sternaspis is restricted to include species with seven abdominal segments, falcate introvert hooks, and stiff shields, often exhibiting radial ribs, concentric lines or both. Sternaspis includes, besides the type species, S. thalassemoides Otto, 1821 from the Mediterranean Sea, S. affinis Stimpson, 1864 from the Northeastern Pacific, S. africana Augener, 1918, stat. n. from Western Africa, S. andamanensis sp. n. from the Andaman Sea, S. costata von Marenzeller, 1879 from Japan, S. fossor Stimpson, 1853 from the Northwestern Atlantic, S. islandica Malmgren, 1867 from Iceland, S. maior Chamberlin, 1919 from the Gulf of California, S. princeps Selenka, 1885 from New Zealand, S. rietschi Caullery, 1944 from abyssal depths around Indonesia, S. scutata (Ranzani, 1817) from the Mediterranean Sea, S. spinosa Sluiter, 1882 from Indonesia, and S. thorsoni sp. n. from the Iranian Gulf. Two genera are newly proposed to incorporate the remaining species: Caulleryaspis and Petersenaspis. Caulleryaspis gen. n. is defined by the presence of falcate introvert hooks, seven abdominal segments, and soft shields with sediment particles firmly adhered on them; it includes two species: C. gudmundssoni sp. n. from Iceland and C. laevis (Caullery, 1944) comb. n. from Indonesia. Petersenaspis gen. n. is defined by the presence of spatulate introvert hooks, eight abdominal segments, and stiff shields with poorly defined ribs but no concentric line; it includes P. capillata (Nonato, 1966) from Brazil and P. palpallatoci sp. n. from the Philippines. Neotypes are proposed for eight species: S. thalassemoides, S. affinis, S. africana, S. costata, S. fossor, S. maior, S. scutata and S. spinosa, to stabilize these species-group names, and a lectotype is designated for S. laevis which is transferred to Caulleryaspis gen. n. The geographic range of most species appears to be much smaller than previously indicated, and for some species additional material in good condition is needed to clarify their distributions. Keys to genera and to all species are also included.
Date action by
Sternaspidae Carus, 1863 (identification resource)
Sternaspis Otto, 1820 (taxonomy source) Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853 (redescription)
Neotype USNM 15543, geounit Nova Scotia, identified as Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, 1853
English gooseberry worm for Sternaspidae Carus, 1863
English mud-owl for Sternaspidae Carus, 1863
Classification [From Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013:18)] "An analysis of morphology and six genes (Zrzavý et al. 2009) did not ... [details] Diagnosis "Sternaspids with introvert hooks tapered. Pre-shield region with 7 segments. Ventro-caudal shield flexible with ... [details] Diagnosis Sternaspids with introvert hooks subdistally expanded. Pre-shield region with 8 segments. Ventro-caudal shield ... [details] Diagnosis Shield with anterior margin truncate; fan with median notch. [details] Distribution Only known from Central and Southern Brazilian localities, in 52–138 m depth. Omena and Amaral (1997) recorded ... [details] Distribution Philippine Islands to Malasya, in 5.5–93 m depth [details] Distribution Known from two locations: Thailand in the Andaman Sea and Malaysia in the South China Sea, 5–45 m depth. [details] Distribution "Southern Sakhalin Island (Russia), Japan, and the Philippines, 20–70 m depth. The record for estuarine ... [details] Distribution "Apparently restricted to the Norwegian Sea and Northeast Atlantic Ocean around Iceland and the Faroe Islands, ... [details] Distribution Neotype locality off coast of Turkey (see Thalassema scutatus for details). Reported global distributions are ... [details] Distribution Arabian Sea, in muddy bottoms in shallow water (3–110 m). Probably reaching as far as the Andaman Sea. [details] Etymology Honors Dr Maurice Caullery, in recognition of his studies on polychaete reproductive biology and taxonomy, and ... [details] Etymology after Dr. Gudmundur Gudmundsson, from the Iceland Natural History Museum. The epithet is a noun in the genitive case, [details] Etymology genus name is to honor Dr Mary E. Petersen, in recognition of her many studies of polychaetes, including a valuable ... [details] Etymology Named for Virgilio S. Palpal-latoc, researcher of the National Museum, Manila. Epithet a noun in genitive case. [details] Etymology Named for the Andaman Sea, Thailand [details] Etymology Named for the collector, Gunnar Thorson. [details] Morphology "Sternaspis spinosa Sluiter, 1882 has been in doubt ever since the original description because it was described ... [details] Neotype Original type series of S. fossor var. africana Augener, 1918 came from widespread West African localities, but it ... [details] Neotype There is no original type material available (Petersen 2000:321), but Sluiter identified some other specimens from ... [details] Spelling The original spelling in Langerhans was as 'graffii', genitive based on a personal name (Ludwig von Graff), and ... [details] Taxonomy Stated that "S. assimilis shield is more similar to the one of S. thalassemoides [than S. scutata] because their ... [details] Taxonomy Status change to species level by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013) [details] Taxonomy Reinstated as valid by Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo (2013). There are no prior modern records, and "Sternaspis ... [details] Type locality Off southeast of Vestmannaey jar, Iceland, 1072 m. [details] Type locality E off Kalibo, Philippines, 11.71, 122.525, 93 m. [details] Type locality designated by neotype locality, 49.1797222, -123.3005556, is Straits of Georgia, Canada. The original type locality ... [details] Type locality Andaman Sea, Thailand, 7 N, 99.25 E, 45 m. Geolocation is erroneously given as 7 degrees South, but this clearly ... [details] Type locality Designated by neotype as 88 km E Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, 153 m, no geolocation data given. Original holotype type ... [details] Type locality Designated by neotype locality from off Isla Altamura, Sinaloa, Gulf of California, 830 m, 24.8666667, ... [details] Type locality Offshore from East Cape, North Island, New Zealand, 1274 m, -37.5666667, 179.3666667 [details] Type locality West of Wokam Island, Indonesia, 5°46'S,134°00'E (-5.7666, 134), 1788 m. [details] Type locality Tyrrhenian Sea, Bay of Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No point geolocation available. [details] Type locality Offshore near Jask, Iran, 25.75, 57.2, 110 m [details] Type locality re-designated by neotype as Izmar Bay, Turkey. Original type locality "ad litora maris Adriatici" (Shores of the ... [details] Type material "The original material was deposited in the Smithsonian and later transferred to Chicago when William Stimpson was ... [details] Type specimen "The holotype is in poor condition with most of the cuticle missing, exposing the musculature below. It is a large ... [details] |