Intro 
Species 
Specimens 
Distribution 
Checklist 
Sources 
Log in 

Porifera source details

Van Soest, R.; Carballo, J.L.; Hooper, J. (2012). Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion). ZooKeys. 239: 1-70.
164848
10.3897/zookeys.239.3734 [view]
Van Soest, R.; Carballo, J.L.; Hooper, J.
2012
Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (<i>Cyamon</i> and <i>Trikentrion</i>)
ZooKeys
239: 1-70
Publication
Among the thousands of non-tetractinellid (monaxonid) Demospongiae species, less than twenty possess polyactine (usually three- or four-claded) megascleres. These are currently assigned to two closely related genera, viz. Cyamon Gray and Trikentrion Ehlers, both members of the raspailiid subfamily Cyamoninae. The two genera are considered valid on account of differences in the shape and the ornamentation of the polyaxone spicules. Cyamon predominantly has four-claded equiangular spicules with all cladi spined or rugose, whereas Trikentrion usually has a majority of three-claded spicules on which spines are found only on a single basal clade. Nevertheless, the differences between the two genera appear to overlap in several known and newly discovered species, necessitating a revision of the two groups. Two new species of Cyamon were found to occur on inshore sandstone platforms off the coast of Mauritania. One of the new species, Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n., possesses unique small ‘double’ polyactine spicules in addition to the usual calthrops-like polyactine megascleres characteristic for Cyamon. The second new species, Cyamon arguinense sp. n., possesses polyactine megascleres of which only one of the cladi is spined the remaining three or more cladi being smooth, a feature that is considered characteristic of sponges of the genus Trikentrion. The type species of Cyamon, C. vickersii (Bowerbank) appears to have been misinterpreted as a Caribbean species, because circumstantial evidence strongly indicates an Indian Ocean origin. This has the consequence that specimens recorded subsequently under the name C. vickersii from various Western Atlantic localities are reassigned to Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault), a species originally described from Brazil. A new species, reported as Cyamon vickersii sensu Burton & Rao from the east coast of India, and available to us only as a single thick section mounted on a glass slide, is named Cyamon hamatum sp. n. The Cyamon membership of the only deep-sea species, Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent) is drawn in doubt due to considerable morphological deviation from mainstream Cyamon. The type species of Trikentrion, T. muricatum (Pallas), is extensively described and discussed, and a neotype is assigned. West African Trikentrion laeve (Carter) is for the first time since its original description properly redescribed from the type material. The specimen recorded by Burton as Trikentrion laeve from Congo turned out to be different from the original material of Carter and is assigned to a new species, Trikentrion africanum sp. n. All species of both genera considered valid are reviewed, mostly based on the examination of type or other original specimens. Our revision shows the existence of twelve species of Cyamon and six species of Trikentrion. A key to the species is provided and remarks on the geographic distribution of both genera are made. Based on our study, the differences between Cyamon and Trikentrion are re-evaluated. Only one character absolutely distinguishes the two genera, the presence (Trikentrion) or absence (Cyamon) of trichodragmata. A further discriminating character is the possession of short thick styles (most Cyamon species) versus thick oxeas (many Trikentrion), but this is complicated by absence of the oxeas in three Trikentrion species. Although spination of the polyactine spicules in itself cannot serve to distinguish the two genera with certainty, those of Trikentrion are usually recognizable by excessive hook-like spines against a finer spination in Cyamon. Possibly, the polyactine spicules of both groups are non-homologous, with Cyamon polyactines derived from styles and Trikentrion polyactines from oxeas, but this remains to be further investigated.
Systematics, Taxonomy
RIS (EndNote, Reference Manager, ProCite, RefWorks)
BibTex (BibDesk, LaTeX)
Date
action
by
2013-01-12 18:30:12Z
created
db_admin
2017-07-13 09:42:56Z
changed
2020-09-20 07:54:55Z
changed

Cyamon Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) (redescription)
Cyamon amphipolyactinum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 (original description)
Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945 accepted as Cyamon neon de Laubenfels, 1930 (basis of record)
Cyamon arguinense van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 (original description)
Cyamon aruense Hentschel, 1912 (basis of record)
Cyamon catalina Sim & Bakus, 1986 accepted as Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 (basis of record)
Cyamon hamatum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 (original description)
Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986 (basis of record)
Cyamon neon de Laubenfels, 1930 (basis of record)
Cyamon quadriradiatum (Carter, 1880) (basis of record)
Cyamon quinqueradiatum (Carter, 1880) (basis of record)
Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904) accepted as Acantheurypon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904) (basis of record)
Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864) (additional source)
Cyamoninae Hooper, 2002 (additional source)
Plectronella Sollas, 1879 accepted as Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 (additional source)
Plectronella papillosa Sollas, 1879 accepted as Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766) (additional source)
Timea agnani Boury-Esnault, 1973 accepted as Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) (redescription)
Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 (additional source)
Trikentrion africanum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 (original description)
Trikentrion catalina (Sim & Bakus, 1986) accepted as Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 (basis of record)
Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912 (basis of record)
Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945 (basis of record)
Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879 (basis of record)
Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766) (basis of record)
Trikentrion wickersi accepted as Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) (taxonomy source)
Arafura Sea for Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912 
Carolinian for Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) 
Cortezian for Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986 
Gulf of Guinea Central for Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766) 
Gulf of Guinea South for Trikentrion africanum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 
North Atlantic Lower Bathyal Province for Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904) 
Northern Gulf of Mexico for Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) 
Sahelian Upwelling for Cyamon amphipolyactinum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 
Sahelian Upwelling for Cyamon arguinense van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 
Seychelles for Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864) 
Southwestern Caribbean for Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973) 
Western India for Cyamon hamatum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012 
Neotype BMNH 1872.10.19.1, geounit Gulf of Guinea Central, identified as Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766)
Holotype BMNH 1931.1.1.19a, geounit Western India, identified as Cyamon hamatum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012
Holotype BMNH 1939.2.20.9, geounit Gulf of Guinea South, identified as Trikentrion africanum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012
Nontype UNAM LEB-ICML 1497, geounit Cortezian, identified as Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986
Holotype ZMA Por. 06723, geounit Sahelian Upwelling, identified as Cyamon arguinense van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012
Holotype ZMA Por. 22412, geounit Sahelian Upwelling, identified as Cyamon amphipolyactinum van Soest, Carballo & Hooper, 2012
 Distribution

Contrary to most other authors referring to Cyamon vickersii, Van Soest et al. 2012 have demonstrated that this ... [details]

 Distribution

Contrary to most other authors referring to Cyamon vickersii, Van Soest et al. 2012 have demonstrated that this ... [details]

 Homonymy

Incertae sedis. This is a senior primary synonym of Spongia muricata Pallas, 1766. In view of the vague original ... [details]

 Taxonomy

This was intended as a replacement name for Dendy's (1922) record of Cyamon vickersii from the Seychelles, when it ... [details]



Website and databases developed and hosted by VLIZ · Page generated 2024-12-06 · contact: Nicole de Voogd