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Palomino-Alvarez, L. A.; Nydam, M. L.; Rocha, R. M.; Simões, N. (2022). New Botrylloides, Botryllus, and Symplegma (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) in Coral Reefs of the Southern Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean Sea. Diversity. 14(11): 977.
440421
10.3390/d14110977 [view]
Palomino-Alvarez, L. A.; Nydam, M. L.; Rocha, R. M.; Simões, N.
2022
New Botrylloides, Botryllus, and Symplegma (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) in Coral Reefs of the Southern Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean Sea
Diversity
14(11): 977
Publication
Compound styelid ascidians are distributed in all marine environments and usually exhibit high morphological plasticity and complexity. In particular, Botrylloides, Botryllus, and Symplegma species show high morphological variations leading to confusion in traditional taxonomy assignments and to ambiguity in species delineation. Fewer than 20 species in these genera are registered in the Atlantic region. Here we surveyed the coral reefs of the southern Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean Sea, barcoded a total of 110 samples collected in seven reefs in 24 sites using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (or 1), as well as performed a detailed morphological study. Species delimitation analyses of barcoding sequencing revealed twelve botryllid species and three Symplegma species. Two of the botryllid species were identified as Botrylloides niger and Botryllus humilis; the latter is the first record for the Gulf of México. The remaining 10 botryllid species and the two Symplegma species are not currently described in the literature and have no close matches in GenBank. One of the Symplegma samples could not be identified as an existing species and current characters do not support the description of a new species. Here we describe twelve new species, seven in Botryllus: B. bonanzus sp. nov, B. camur sp. nov., B. hartensis sp. nov., B. lambertorum sp. nov., B. nortensis sp. nov., B. tunnelli sp. nov., and B. unamensis sp. nov., three in Botrylloides: B. alacranensis sp. nov., B. ampullarius sp. nov., B. catalitinae sp. nov., and two in Symplegma: S. papillata sp. nov., and S.
sisalensis sp. nov. We also present a tabular identification key of Botryllus, Botrylloides and Symplegma Atlantic species.
America, North
Caribbean region
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean region
Gulf of Mexico
Systematics, Taxonomy
Date
action
by
Botrylloides alacranensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides ampullarius catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides niger Herdman, 1886 (additional source)
Botryllus bonanzus Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus humilis Monniot C., 1988 (additional source)
Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Symplegma sisalensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides ampullarius catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botrylloides niger Herdman, 1886 (additional source)
Botryllus bonanzus Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus humilis Monniot C., 1988 (additional source)
Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Symplegma sisalensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (original description)
Caribbean Sea for Botryllus bonanzus Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides alacranensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus humilis Monniot C., 1988 (origin: origin uncertain)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Symplegma sisalensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides alacranensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus humilis Monniot C., 1988 (origin: origin uncertain)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Gulf of Mexico for Symplegma sisalensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022 (origin: native)
Holotype CAGoM-02404, identified as Symplegma sisalensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGom-2207, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2212, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2227, identified as Botrylloides alacranensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2271, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2272, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2283, identified as Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2339, geounit Caribbean Sea, identified as Botryllus bonanzus Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2420, identified as Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2425, identified as Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2470, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype GACoM-2087, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGom-2207, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus camur Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2212, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botrylloides catilitinae Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2227, identified as Botrylloides alacranensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2271, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Symplegma papillata Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2272, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus unamensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2283, identified as Botryllus nortensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2339, geounit Caribbean Sea, identified as Botryllus bonanzus Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2420, identified as Botryllus lambertorum Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2425, identified as Botrylloides ampullarius Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype CAGoM-2470, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus tunnelli Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022
Holotype GACoM-2087, geounit Gulf of Mexico, identified as Botryllus hartensis Palomino-Alvarez, Nydam, Rocha & Simões, 2022