WoRMS taxon details
Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
288469 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:288469)
accepted
Species
Alcyonium mammillosum Ellis & Solander, 1786 · unaccepted > superseded combination (type species of genus Palythoa...)
type species of genus Palythoa (Zoantharia)
Alcyonium ocellatum Ellis & Solander, 1786 · unaccepted > superseded combination (belongs to Zoantharia)
Corticifera ocellata (Ellis) · unaccepted > superseded combination
Palythoa cinerea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 · unaccepted
Palythoa flava (Lesueur, 1817) · unaccepted
Palythoa ocellata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) · unaccepted
Palythoa stellata Lamouroux, 1821 · unaccepted
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
(of Alcyonium mammillosum Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909
page(s): 177 [details]
page(s): 177 [details]
Reimer, J.D.; Sinniger, F. (2024). World List of Zoantharia. Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=288469 on 2024-04-24
Date
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The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
original description
(of Palythoa cinerea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Duchassaing P, Michelotti J. (1864). Supplément au mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles. <em>Memorie della Reale Accademia della Scienze di Torino, Serie 2.</em> 23: 97-206, plates 1-11., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31197612
page(s): 47 [details]
original description (of Alcyonium ocellatum Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909
page(s): 180 [details]
original description (of Alcyonium mammillosum Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909
page(s): 177 [details]
context source (Bermuda) Sterrer, W. (1986). Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda: a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms. <em>Wiley-Interscience Publication. Wiley.</em> 742 pp (Nemertini part). [details] Available for editors
[request]
context source (Hexacorallia) Fautin, Daphne G. (2013). Hexacorallians of the World. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record den Hartog, J. C. & van der Land, J. (2000-2007). As a contribution to UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Fautin, D. G.; Daly, M. (2009). Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, and Zoanthidea (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 349-357. <em>in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico-Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity.</em> A&M University Press, College Station, Texas., available online at http://biogomx.net/sites/default/files/pdfs/chapters/15-Fautin%20and%20Daly%202009-Actinians%20of%20the%20GoMx.pdf [details]
additional source Bamford, E.E. 1912 Pelagic actiniarian larvæ. Transactions of the Linnean Society, 2: 395-405
page(s): 395 [details]
additional source Cairns, S.D., J.C. den Hartog & C. Arneson. (1986). Class Anthozoa (Corals, Anemones). <em>In: Sterrer, W. (ed.). Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA.</em> pp. 159-194.
page(s): 189, 190 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Dana, J.D. (1846-1849). Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. <em>Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia.</em> 7: 1-740, 61 pls. (1846: 1-120, 709-720; 1848: 121-708, 721-740; 1849: atlas pls. 1-61)., available online at http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/usexex/navigation/ScientificText/USExEx19_08select.cfm
page(s): 423, 425, 426 [details]
additional source Haddon, A. and Shackleton, A. (1891). A revision of the British actiniæ. Part II.: The Zoantheæ. <i>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. 4 (12): 609-672.
page(s): 626, 631, 653 [details]
additional source Haddon, A. and Shackleton, A. (1891). Reports on the zoological collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888-1889. Actiniæ: I. Zoantheæ. <i>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. 4 (13): 673-701., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14865820
page(s): 691-692 [details]
additional source Herberts, C. (1972). Etude systématique de quelques zoanthaires tempérés et tropicaux. <em>Tethys.</em> Supplement 3, pp. 69-156.
page(s): 78 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). Jamaican Actiniaria. Part I. Zoantheae. <em>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.</em> 6, 329–384.
page(s): 331, 359-364, 366, 368 [details]
additional source Ryland, J. S.; Lancaster, J. E. (2003). Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia : Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 17(3): 407-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is02008
page(s): 411 [details]
additional source Verrill, A.E. (1907). The Bermuda Islands. Part IV. Geology and paleontology, and part V. An account of the coral reefs. <em>Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.</em> 12: 45-348., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14214322
page(s): 280, 283-285 [details]
additional source Duchassaing P, Michelotti J. (1864). Supplément au mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles. <em>Memorie della Reale Accademia della Scienze di Torino, Serie 2.</em> 23: 97-206, plates 1-11., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31197612
page(s): 44, 46, 47, Pl. VI, fig. 10 [details]
additional source Milne Edwards H,. (1857). Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, ou polypes proprement dits. 1. <em>Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.</em> 326 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12045211
page(s): 304 [details]
additional source Reimer, J. D.; Ono, S.; Takishita, K.; Tsukahara, J.; Maruyama, T. (2006). Molecular Evidence Suggesting Species in the Zoanthid Genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) Are Congeneric. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 23(1): 87-94., available online at https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.87
page(s): 93 [details]
additional source McMurrich J.P. (1898). Report on the Actiniaria collected by the Bahama Expedition of the State University of Iowa, 1893. <em>Bulletin from the laboratories of natural history of the State University of Iowa.</em> v. 4, no. 3, p. 225-249.
page(s): 244, 245 [details]
additional source McMurrich, J. P. (1889). A contribution to the actinology of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 41: 102-126
page(s): 121 [details]
additional source Verrill, A. E. (1900). Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. <em>In: Verrill, A. E., Zoology of the Bermudas, 1903.</em> 551-572 + 3 plates.
page(s): 572 [details]
additional source Fossa, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1998). The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium. <em>Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim, Germany.</em> volume 2, pp 479.
page(s): 279 [details]
additional source Verrill, A. E. (1907). Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. Anthozoa. Verrill, A. E. New Haven, Conn., chapter 5, edition 2nd, volume 1, pp. 551-572
page(s): 560, 564 [details]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). The Actiniaria around Jamaica. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 2, 449-465
page(s): 462-463 [details]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1902). Report on the actinians of Porto Rico [Investigations of the aquatic resources and fisheries of Porto Rico by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1899]. Bulletin of the U.S. Fisheries Commission, 20, 2, 323-374
page(s): 331, 341 [details]
additional source Carballeira, N. M.; Emiliano, A.; Sostre, A.; Restituyo, J. A.; González, I. M.; Colón, G. M.; Tosteson, C. G.; Tosteson, T. R. (1998). Fatty acid composition of bacteria associated with the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis and with Caribbean Palythoa species. Lipids, 33(6): 627-632
page(s): 627-632 [details]
additional source Hodgson, E. S. (1981). Natural repellents in coral reef communities - mechanisms of action upon chemosensory systems of sharks. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 563-568
page(s): 563-567 [details]
additional source Ott, B.; Lewis, J. B. (1972). The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50, 1651-1656
page(s): 1651-1656 [details]
additional source James, N. P.; Stearn, C. W.; Harrison, R. S. (1977). Field Guidebook to Modern and Pleistocene Reef Carbonates, Barbados, W.I.. Third International Symposium on Coral Reefs Committee. Miami., edition 1st, pp. 30.
page(s): 19 [details]
additional source Williams, E. H.; Bunkley-Williams, L. (1988). Bleaching of Caribbean coral reef symbionts in 1987-1988. volume 3, pp. 313-318
page(s): 314 [details]
additional source Gray, J. E. (1867). Notes on Zoanthinæ, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 233-240
page(s): 238 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1910). Studien an westindischen Actinien. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Suppl. 11(2): 157-330
page(s): 162, 164, 257, 258-264, 284 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1924). Anthozoen des Leidener Museums. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 8(1): 1-17
page(s): 4 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1924). Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curaçao. Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam), 23, 93-122
page(s): 110 [details]
additional source Suchanek, T. H.; Green, D. J. (1981). Interspecific competition between Palythoa caribaeorum and other sessile invertebrates on St. Croix reefs, U.S. Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 679-684
page(s): 683 [details]
additional source Lewis, J. B. (1960). The coral reefs and coral communities of Barbados, W.I. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 1133-1145
page(s): 1135 [details]
additional source Kornicker, L. S.; Boyd, D. W. (1962). Shallow-water geology and environments of Alacran reef complex, Campeche Bank, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 46(5): 640-673
page(s): 653, 660, 661, 662, 663, 665 [details]
additional source Moore, R. E.; Scheuer, P. J. (1971). Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science, 172, 495-497
page(s): 495 [details]
additional source Sebens, K. P. (1982). Intertidal distribution of zoanthids on the Caribbean coast of Panama: Effects of predation and desiccation. Bulletin of Marine Science, 32(1): 316-335
page(s): 321 [details]
additional source Seifert, R. (1928). Die Nesselkapseln der Zoantharien und ihre differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 419-500
page(s): 421, 463, 464, 465, 471-472, 473, 474, 488 [details]
additional source Walsh, G. E. (1967). An Annotated Bibliography of the Families Zoanthidae, Epizoanthidae, and Parazoanthidae (Coelenterata, Zoantharia). Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. Honolulu., pp. 77.
page(s): 14 [details]
additional source Gleibs, S.; Mebs, D.; Werding, B. (1995). Studies on the origin and distribution of palytoxin in a Caribbean coral reef. Toxicon, 33(11): 1531-1537
page(s): 1532, 1533 [details]
additional source Roche, J.; Tixier-Durivault, A. (1951). Rapports des gerardiides avec les zoanthides et les antipathaires. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 23(2): 402-409
page(s): 408 [details]
additional source Bastidas, C.; Bone, D. (1996). Competitive strategies between Palythoa caribaeorum and Zoanthus sociatus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) at a reef flat environment in Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 59, 3, 543-555
page(s): 544 [details]
additional source Fontaine, A. (1954). The colonial sea-anemones of Jamaica. Natural History Notes of the Natural History Society of Jamaica, 6, 107-109
page(s): 109 [details]
additional source Fosså, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1995). Korallenriff-Aquarium, 4. Nesseltiere in Korallenriff und für das Korallenriff-Aquarium. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag. Bornheim, Germany., edition 1st, volume 4, pp. 447.
page(s): 265 [details]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). The geographical distribution of the Actiniaria of Jamaica. Natural Science, 12(72): 100-105
page(s): 100-101 [details]
additional source Attaway, D. H.; Ciereszko, L. S. (1974). Isolation and partial characterization of Caribbean palytoxin. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 497-504
page(s): 497-504 [details]
additional source Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816). Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés zoophytes. <em>F. Poisson, Caen.</em> i-lxxxiv, 1-558, pls. I-XIX., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11606092
page(s): 361 [details]
additional source Britton, J.C. & B. Morton, 1989. Shore ecology of the Gulf of Mexico : i-viii, 1-387.
page(s): 77, 344 [details]
additional source Dana, J. D. (1846-1847). On Zoophytes. <em>The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series.</em> 2(4): 64-69; 2(5): 187-202; 3(7): 1-24; 3(8): 160-163; 3(9): 337-347. New-Haven., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28135503
page(s): 423, 425, 426 [details]
additional source Robertson, A.L., J. Lancaster, L.R. Belyea & A.G. Hildrew. (1997). Hydraulic habitat and the assemblage structure of stream benthic microcrustacea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(3):562-575.
page(s): 247 [details] Available for editors [request]
page(s): 47 [details]
original description (of Alcyonium ocellatum Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909
page(s): 180 [details]
original description (of Alcyonium mammillosum Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41943909
page(s): 177 [details]
context source (Bermuda) Sterrer, W. (1986). Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda: a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms. <em>Wiley-Interscience Publication. Wiley.</em> 742 pp (Nemertini part). [details] Available for editors
[request] context source (Hexacorallia) Fautin, Daphne G. (2013). Hexacorallians of the World. (look up in IMIS) [details]
basis of record den Hartog, J. C. & van der Land, J. (2000-2007). As a contribution to UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source Fautin, D. G.; Daly, M. (2009). Actiniaria, Corallimorpharia, and Zoanthidea (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 349-357. <em>in: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico-Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity.</em> A&M University Press, College Station, Texas., available online at http://biogomx.net/sites/default/files/pdfs/chapters/15-Fautin%20and%20Daly%202009-Actinians%20of%20the%20GoMx.pdf [details]
additional source Bamford, E.E. 1912 Pelagic actiniarian larvæ. Transactions of the Linnean Society, 2: 395-405
page(s): 395 [details]
additional source Cairns, S.D., J.C. den Hartog & C. Arneson. (1986). Class Anthozoa (Corals, Anemones). <em>In: Sterrer, W. (ed.). Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA.</em> pp. 159-194.
page(s): 189, 190 [details] Available for editors
[request] additional source Dana, J.D. (1846-1849). Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838-1842. <em>Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia.</em> 7: 1-740, 61 pls. (1846: 1-120, 709-720; 1848: 121-708, 721-740; 1849: atlas pls. 1-61)., available online at http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/usexex/navigation/ScientificText/USExEx19_08select.cfm
page(s): 423, 425, 426 [details]
additional source Haddon, A. and Shackleton, A. (1891). A revision of the British actiniæ. Part II.: The Zoantheæ. <i>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. 4 (12): 609-672.
page(s): 626, 631, 653 [details]
additional source Haddon, A. and Shackleton, A. (1891). Reports on the zoological collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888-1889. Actiniæ: I. Zoantheæ. <i>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. 4 (13): 673-701., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14865820
page(s): 691-692 [details]
additional source Herberts, C. (1972). Etude systématique de quelques zoanthaires tempérés et tropicaux. <em>Tethys.</em> Supplement 3, pp. 69-156.
page(s): 78 [details] Available for editors
[request] additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). Jamaican Actiniaria. Part I. Zoantheae. <em>Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society.</em> 6, 329–384.
page(s): 331, 359-364, 366, 368 [details]
additional source Ryland, J. S.; Lancaster, J. E. (2003). Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia : Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. <em>Invertebrate Systematics.</em> 17(3): 407-428., available online at https://doi.org/10.1071/is02008
page(s): 411 [details]
additional source Verrill, A.E. (1907). The Bermuda Islands. Part IV. Geology and paleontology, and part V. An account of the coral reefs. <em>Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.</em> 12: 45-348., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14214322
page(s): 280, 283-285 [details]
additional source Duchassaing P, Michelotti J. (1864). Supplément au mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles. <em>Memorie della Reale Accademia della Scienze di Torino, Serie 2.</em> 23: 97-206, plates 1-11., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31197612
page(s): 44, 46, 47, Pl. VI, fig. 10 [details]
additional source Milne Edwards H,. (1857). Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, ou polypes proprement dits. 1. <em>Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.</em> 326 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12045211
page(s): 304 [details]
additional source Reimer, J. D.; Ono, S.; Takishita, K.; Tsukahara, J.; Maruyama, T. (2006). Molecular Evidence Suggesting Species in the Zoanthid Genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) Are Congeneric. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 23(1): 87-94., available online at https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.87
page(s): 93 [details]
additional source McMurrich J.P. (1898). Report on the Actiniaria collected by the Bahama Expedition of the State University of Iowa, 1893. <em>Bulletin from the laboratories of natural history of the State University of Iowa.</em> v. 4, no. 3, p. 225-249.
page(s): 244, 245 [details]
additional source McMurrich, J. P. (1889). A contribution to the actinology of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 41: 102-126
page(s): 121 [details]
additional source Verrill, A. E. (1900). Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. <em>In: Verrill, A. E., Zoology of the Bermudas, 1903.</em> 551-572 + 3 plates.
page(s): 572 [details]
additional source Fossa, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1998). The Modern Coral Reef Aquarium. <em>Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim, Germany.</em> volume 2, pp 479.
page(s): 279 [details]
additional source Verrill, A. E. (1907). Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. Anthozoa. Verrill, A. E. New Haven, Conn., chapter 5, edition 2nd, volume 1, pp. 551-572
page(s): 560, 564 [details]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). The Actiniaria around Jamaica. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 2, 449-465
page(s): 462-463 [details]
additional source Duerden, J. E. (1902). Report on the actinians of Porto Rico [Investigations of the aquatic resources and fisheries of Porto Rico by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk in 1899]. Bulletin of the U.S. Fisheries Commission, 20, 2, 323-374
page(s): 331, 341 [details]
additional source Carballeira, N. M.; Emiliano, A.; Sostre, A.; Restituyo, J. A.; González, I. M.; Colón, G. M.; Tosteson, C. G.; Tosteson, T. R. (1998). Fatty acid composition of bacteria associated with the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis lenticularis and with Caribbean Palythoa species. Lipids, 33(6): 627-632
page(s): 627-632 [details]
additional source Hodgson, E. S. (1981). Natural repellents in coral reef communities - mechanisms of action upon chemosensory systems of sharks. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 563-568
page(s): 563-567 [details]
additional source Ott, B.; Lewis, J. B. (1972). The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50, 1651-1656
page(s): 1651-1656 [details]
additional source James, N. P.; Stearn, C. W.; Harrison, R. S. (1977). Field Guidebook to Modern and Pleistocene Reef Carbonates, Barbados, W.I.. Third International Symposium on Coral Reefs Committee. Miami., edition 1st, pp. 30.
page(s): 19 [details]
additional source Williams, E. H.; Bunkley-Williams, L. (1988). Bleaching of Caribbean coral reef symbionts in 1987-1988. volume 3, pp. 313-318
page(s): 314 [details]
additional source Gray, J. E. (1867). Notes on Zoanthinæ, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 233-240
page(s): 238 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1910). Studien an westindischen Actinien. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Suppl. 11(2): 157-330
page(s): 162, 164, 257, 258-264, 284 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1924). Anthozoen des Leidener Museums. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 8(1): 1-17
page(s): 4 [details]
additional source Pax, F. (1924). Actiniarien, Zoantharien und Ceriantharien von Curaçao. Kungliga Zoologisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra (Amsterdam), 23, 93-122
page(s): 110 [details]
additional source Suchanek, T. H.; Green, D. J. (1981). Interspecific competition between Palythoa caribaeorum and other sessile invertebrates on St. Croix reefs, U.S. Virgin Islands. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 679-684
page(s): 683 [details]
additional source Lewis, J. B. (1960). The coral reefs and coral communities of Barbados, W.I. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 38, 1133-1145
page(s): 1135 [details]
additional source Kornicker, L. S.; Boyd, D. W. (1962). Shallow-water geology and environments of Alacran reef complex, Campeche Bank, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 46(5): 640-673
page(s): 653, 660, 661, 662, 663, 665 [details]
additional source Moore, R. E.; Scheuer, P. J. (1971). Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science, 172, 495-497
page(s): 495 [details]
additional source Sebens, K. P. (1982). Intertidal distribution of zoanthids on the Caribbean coast of Panama: Effects of predation and desiccation. Bulletin of Marine Science, 32(1): 316-335
page(s): 321 [details]
additional source Seifert, R. (1928). Die Nesselkapseln der Zoantharien und ihre differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 419-500
page(s): 421, 463, 464, 465, 471-472, 473, 474, 488 [details]
additional source Walsh, G. E. (1967). An Annotated Bibliography of the Families Zoanthidae, Epizoanthidae, and Parazoanthidae (Coelenterata, Zoantharia). Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. Honolulu., pp. 77.
page(s): 14 [details]
additional source Gleibs, S.; Mebs, D.; Werding, B. (1995). Studies on the origin and distribution of palytoxin in a Caribbean coral reef. Toxicon, 33(11): 1531-1537
page(s): 1532, 1533 [details]
additional source Roche, J.; Tixier-Durivault, A. (1951). Rapports des gerardiides avec les zoanthides et les antipathaires. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 23(2): 402-409
page(s): 408 [details]
additional source Bastidas, C.; Bone, D. (1996). Competitive strategies between Palythoa caribaeorum and Zoanthus sociatus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) at a reef flat environment in Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 59, 3, 543-555
page(s): 544 [details]
additional source Fontaine, A. (1954). The colonial sea-anemones of Jamaica. Natural History Notes of the Natural History Society of Jamaica, 6, 107-109
page(s): 109 [details]
additional source Fosså, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1995). Korallenriff-Aquarium, 4. Nesseltiere in Korallenriff und für das Korallenriff-Aquarium. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag. Bornheim, Germany., edition 1st, volume 4, pp. 447.
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additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). The geographical distribution of the Actiniaria of Jamaica. Natural Science, 12(72): 100-105
page(s): 100-101 [details]
additional source Attaway, D. H.; Ciereszko, L. S. (1974). Isolation and partial characterization of Caribbean palytoxin. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 497-504
page(s): 497-504 [details]
additional source Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816). Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés zoophytes. <em>F. Poisson, Caen.</em> i-lxxxiv, 1-558, pls. I-XIX., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11606092
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additional source Britton, J.C. & B. Morton, 1989. Shore ecology of the Gulf of Mexico : i-viii, 1-387.
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additional source Dana, J. D. (1846-1847). On Zoophytes. <em>The American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series.</em> 2(4): 64-69; 2(5): 187-202; 3(7): 1-24; 3(8): 160-163; 3(9): 337-347. New-Haven., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28135503
page(s): 423, 425, 426 [details]
additional source Robertson, A.L., J. Lancaster, L.R. Belyea & A.G. Hildrew. (1997). Hydraulic habitat and the assemblage structure of stream benthic microcrustacea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(3):562-575.
page(s): 247 [details] Available for editors
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Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
Nontype USNM 52293 [details]
Syntype (of Palythoa cinerea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) MZUF 301, geounit United States Virgin Islands [details]
Unknown type (of Palythoa flava (Lesueur, 1817)) MRSN 228, geounit United States Virgin Islands [details]
Unknown type (of Palythoa ocellata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)) MRSN 227, geounit United States Virgin Islands [details]
Unknown type (of Palythoa ocellata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)) MZUF 302, geounit United States Virgin Islands [details]
